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Wandering Atrial Pacemaker
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Key features, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, ongoing management.
- Full Chapter
- Supplementary Content
ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSIS
Progressive cyclic variation in P-wave morphology
Heart rate 60–100 bpm
Variation of P-wave morphology, P-P interval, and P-R interval
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
This rhythm is benign
This rhythm and multifocal atrial tachycardia are similar except for heart rate
The other possible explanation is that there is significant respiratory sinus arrhythmia, with uncovering of latent foci of pacemaker activity
Usually, it is associated with underlying lung disease
In the elderly, it may be a manifestation of sick sinus syndrome
In the young and athletic heart, it may represent enhanced vagal tone
SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
Usually causes no symptoms and is incidentally discovered
Occasional patient may feel skipped beats
PHYSICAL EXAM FINDINGS
Variable S 1
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Multifocal atrial tachycardia (heart rate > 100 bpm)
Frequent premature atrial complexes and atrial bigeminy
LABORATORY TESTS
None specific
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY
ECG to document rhythm
CARDIOLOGY REFERRAL
Not required
MEDICATIONS
No specific treatment
Monitor and treat the underlying cause, such as sick sinus syndrome or lung disease
DIET AND ACTIVITY
No restrictions
General healthy lifestyle
Once a year if sinus node abnormality is suspected; otherwise when symptoms arise
COMPLICATIONS
May progress to sick sinus syndrome
This condition by itself is benign
PRACTICE GUIDELINES
Indications for pacemaker:
– If part of sick sinus syndrome
– If associated with documented symptomatic bradycardia
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Wandering Atrial Pacemaker EKG Interpretation with Rhythm Strip
Ekg features, wandering atrial pacemaker ekg interpretation example.
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- Wandering atrial pacemaker
- 2 Clinical Features
- 3.1 Palpitations
- 4.2 Diagnosis
- 5 Management
- 6 Disposition
- 8 External Links
- 9 References
- Three or more ectopic foci within the atrial myocardium serve as the pacemaker
- Rate is less than 100bpm (in contrast to MAT )
- Is irregularly irregular therefore sometimes confused with atrial fibrillation and sinus arrhythmia
- Intrinsic cardiac or pulmonary disease
- Metabolic derangements
- Drug toxicity (including Digoxin )
Clinical Features
- Often seen in the extremes of age and in athletes
- Rarely causes symptoms
Differential Diagnosis
Palpitations.
- Narrow-complex tachycardias
- Wide-complex tachycardias
- Second Degree AV Block Type I (Wenckeback)
- Second Degree AV Block Type II
- Third Degree AV Block
- Premature atrial contraction
- Premature junctional contraction
- Premature ventricular contraction
- Sick sinus syndrome
- Acute coronary syndrome
- Cardiomyopathy
- Congenital heart disease
- Congestive heart failure (CHF)
- Mitral valve prolapse
- Pacemaker complication
- Pericarditis
- Myocarditis
- Valvular disease
- Panic attack
- Somatic Symptom Disorder
- Drugs of abuse (e.g. cocaine )
- Medications (e.g. digoxin , theophylline )
- Thyroid storm
- Pulmonary embolism
- Dehydration
- Pheochromocytoma
- ECG should show three distinct P wave morphologies with a ventricular rate <100bpm
- Rarely requires treatment
Disposition
- Outpatient management
- Multifocal atrial tachycardia
- Dysrhythmia
External Links
- Richard Cunningham
- fardis tavangary
- Ross Donaldson
- Privacy policy
- Disclaimers
Wandering Atrial Pacemaker ECG Interpretation #312
Description.
- Rhythms are often named according to the origin of the electrical activity in the heart or the structure where the problem is occurring.
- Wandering Atrial Pacemaker is aptly named due to the electrical impulses causing the atrial activity are moving or wandering.
- These changes in the locus of stimulation affect the morphology of the P waves.
- In Wandering Atrial Pacemaker ECG, you must observe at least three different shaped P waves. No other changes in the tracing may be observed. The rhythm may or may not be regular.
- The PR interval is often affected, but does not have to be.
- The bottom line, is you must observe at least three different shaped P waves.
Practice Strip
Analyze this tracing using the five steps of rhythm analysis.
- Rhythm: Irregular
- P wave: Changing Shapes (3 or more)
- PR interval: Variable
- Interpretation: Wandering Atrial Pacemaker
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Authors and Reviewers
- ECG heart rhythm modules: Thomas O'Brien.
- ECG monitor simulation developer: Steve Collmann
- 12 Lead Course: Dr. Michael Mazzini, MD .
- Spanish language ECG: Breena R. Taira, MD, MPH
- Medical review: Dr. Jonathan Keroes, MD
- Medical review: Dr. Pedro Azevedo, MD, Cardiology
- Last Update: 11/8/2021
- Electrocardiography for Healthcare Professionals, 6th Edition Kathryn Booth and Thomas O'Brien ISBN10: 1265013470, ISBN13: 9781265013479 McGraw Hill, 2023
- Rapid Interpretation of EKG's, Sixth Edition Dale Dublin Cover Publishing Company
- EKG Reference Guide EKG.Academy
- 12 Lead EKG for Nurses: Simple Steps to Interpret Rhythms, Arrhythmias, Blocks, Hypertrophy, Infarcts, & Cardiac Drugs Aaron Reed Create Space Independent Publishing
- Heart Sounds and Murmurs: A Practical Guide with Audio CD-ROM 3rd Edition Elsevier-Health Sciences Division Barbara A. Erickson, PhD, RN, CCRN
- The Virtual Cardiac Patient: A Multimedia Guide to Heart Sounds, Murmurs, EKG Jonathan Keroes, David Lieberman Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkin) ISBN-10: 0781784425; ISBN-13: 978-0781784429
- Project Semilla, UCLA Emergency Medicine, EKG Training Breena R. Taira, MD, MPH
- ECG Reference Guide PracticalClinicalSkills.com
This website provides professional medical education. For medical care contact your doctor. 2024 ©MedEdu LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms & Conditions | About Us | Privacy | Email Us | 1
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Thursday, March 4, 2021
Blog #200 — wandering pacemaker (vs mat).
There is no clinical information is available for the ECG and 2-lead rhythm strip shown below in Figure-1 .
- HOW would you interpret this tracing?
- What treatment is likely to be needed?
====================================
Editorial Comment:
It is always challenging to interpret tracings without the benefit of clinical information. That said — this situation is common in clinical practice. My experience in this area derives from the 30 years during which I was charged with interpreting all ECGs ordered by 35 medical providers at a primary care clinic — as well periodic stints during which I interpreted hospital tracings without the benefit of any history.
- The challenge lies with having to decide which tracings in the “pile of ECGs to be interpreted” were those for which I needed to pull the medical chart ( or call the provider ) because of ECG findings of immediate potential concern.
- Obvious time constraints made it impossible to pull the chart for each ECG that I was given to read ( I’d never get anything else done if I did so ).
- I therefore became well versed in the skill of limiting the charts that I would pull to those patients whose ECGs showed findings I thought were important and potentially indicative of an acute situation that may have been overlooked.
=====================================
MY Thoughts on the ECG in Figure-1:
As always — systematic interpretation of any ECG should begin with assessing the cardiac rhythm. In general — lead II and lead V1 are the 2 best leads on a 12-lead tracing for assessing atrial activity — and we have the advantage in Figure-1 of a simultaneously-recorded 2-lead rhythm strip of both of these leads. By the Ps , Qs and 3R Approach:
- The rhythm in Figure-1 is clearly irregular .
- The QRS complex is narrow ( ie, not more than half a large box in duration = ≤0.10 second ) .
- The rate varies from 50 /minute — to just under 100 /minute.
- More than 1 P wave morphology is present . That said — P waves do appear to be related to neighboring QRS complexes, because the PR interval for the P wave shapes that we see remains constant ( See Figure-2 ) .
MY Thoughts on Figure-2:
There are 2 different P wave shapes in Figure-2 .
- The tracing begins with 3 sinus beats ( ie, RED arrows highlight 3 similar-looking upright-in-lead-II P waves — all with the same PR interval ) .
- P wave shape then changes for beats #4, 5 and 6 ( ie, BLUE arrows highlighting an almost isoelectric, if not negative P wave with fixed PR interval ) .
- The atrial focus then shifts back , with return to sinus P waves for beats #7, 8, 9 and 10 (ie, return of RED arrows highlighting similar-looking, upright P waves in lead II — albeit with variability in the R-R interval ).
- The rhythm in Figure-2 concludes with a slowing-down of the ventricular rate, as the 2nd atrial focus returns , in which the P wave is almost isoelectric (ie, BLUE arrows for beats #11 and 12 ).
BOTTOM LINE regarding Figure-1: The rhythm in Figure-2 is most consistent with a Wandering Atrial Pacemaker . This is because the change from one atrial site to the next occurs gradually over a period of several beats.
- PEARL: The reason it is uncommon ( if not rare ) in clinical practice to see a wandering atrial pacemaker — is that most providers do not pay long enough attention to beat-to-beat change in P wave morphology needed to identify gradual shift between at least 3 different atrial sites.
SUMMARY: Review of the KEY features of wandering atrial pacemaker is the theme below for our ECG Media Pearl #17 ( a 3:30 minute audio recording ).
- Written review of wandering pacemaker appears below in Figure-3 .
- Review of MAT is covered in our ECG Blog #199 .
![wandering atrial pacemaker characteristics wandering atrial pacemaker characteristics](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo1QdVeQgyzAb4z6M-IfXUzLk4Le4gjJJEVFXJc2YoKpqlsu0IsVZEoAsjRh_CGN3JeRB9wgwpPW4XtKgyS8bULv2LSxKGectWbd48OTvHzQtg2uz8Dh0RrN_ONTwPcdj9GvnWFqdOzsg/w400-h291/MP-17+-+Wandering+Pacer+%25282-25.1-2021%2529-USE.png)
Today’s E CG M edia P EARL # 17 ( 3:30 minutes Audio ) — What is a Wandering Atrial Pacemaker ( as opposed to MAT )?
![wandering atrial pacemaker characteristics wandering atrial pacemaker characteristics](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMtPOVHMq4zpLo3zWEc22XHwTFQwmqCC3MtVK_xTiXGV509F9NUuKgEPhsagFWkRpz28CxXjkIlI6Ss3o_jvE99kBw1K_2HLIwUTeqSy_KMaIeUfqFE5sPwCfG_ToMG32rIUlfeuT5eoE/w400-h16/0++++-RED+LINE-+Use+in+Blogs.png)
A DDENDUM ( 3/4/2021 ) :
I received the following note from David Richley regarding today’s tracing: “I think I would use different terminology to describe this because to me the atrial pacemaker doesn’t so much ‘wander’ as ‘jump’. I would describe this as sinus arrhythmia with junctional escape rhythm at 60-65/minute every time the sinus node discharge rate slows to below that rate. I interpret the escape beats as junctional rather than atrial, because athough the P waves, ( which are initially negative in II, aVF and V4-V6 — and positive in aVR ) precede the QRS — the PR segment is very short, suggesting an AV nodal origin. However, we describe this phenomenon — I do agree that it’s likely to be completely benign.
MY Thoughts: Dave’s comment is one of the reasons why: i ) The diagnosis of wandering pacemaker requires clear demonstration of shift in the atrial pacemaker in at least 3 different sites. We only see 2 different sites here; and , ii ) The diagnosis of wandering atrial pacemaker is not common.
- It’s impossible to rule out Dave’s theory from the single tracing we have.
- That said — the BLUE arrow P wave site may or may not be of AV nodal origin ( you can see a similar, near-isoelectric P wave with short PR interval from a low atrial site ).
- I also considered the possibility of the BLUE arrow P waves representing junctional escape — but decided against it because the difference in R-R interval from what we see between beats #9-10 vs what we see between beats #10-11 is more than what I’d expect based on the cadence of rate variation I see from beats #7-10.
- Bottom Line: We both agree there is a shift in the pacemaker site in a rhythm that is likely to be benign. And, we both agree that additional monitoring would be needed for a definitive response. THANK YOU Dave!
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The Wandering Atrial Pacemaker
Atypical wenckebach av block, can ecgs cause headaches, isorhythmic av dissociation with idioventricular rhythm, is this ventricular exit block.
Today, it is unusual to see an electrocardiograph (ECG) with the diagnosis of Wandering Atrial Pacemaker , but when we do, it is often incorrect. The last one I saw was a marked sinus arrhythmia with unifocal atrial ectopics and it is important to differentiate these two diagnoses as the treatment and prognosis are very different.
Wandering atrial pacemaker, as the name implies, is an irregular ECG rhythm which wanders from sinus to at least two other different atrial ectopic foci resulting in P waves with three different morphologies.
Here is an example:
![wandering atrial pacemaker characteristics](https://cardioscan.co/app/uploads/sites/9/2020/02/Wandering-Atrial-pacemaker-Image-1-e1582497787465-300x150.jpg)
The rate is slow and there are two atrial ectopic foci: crista terminalis (looks like the sinus P wave), low atrial (inverted P waves), and not surprisingly, atrial fusion beats with maybe more than one P wave morphology. Clearly, the atrium is very irritable, and therefore the rhythm is a precursor to atrial fibrillation. The term chaotic atrial mechanism is also used. Most examples of this rhythm are difficult to diagnose because the rhythm is faster than 100 bpm and hence is called multifocal atrial tachycardia .
![wandering atrial pacemaker characteristics](https://cardioscan.co/app/uploads/sites/9/2020/02/Wandering-Atrial-pacemaker-Image-2-e1582497828598-300x90.jpg)
It is easy to see how this rhythm can be confused with atrial fibrillation with an uncontrolled ventricular response. Indeed, an ECG performed soon after this Holter monitor recording showed atrial fibrillation, confirming the transient appearance and thus rarity of this rhythm.
![wandering atrial pacemaker characteristics](https://cardioscan.co/app/uploads/sites/9/2020/02/Wandering-Atrial-pacemaker-Image-3-e1582497849775-300x60.jpg)
In the past this ECG was seen with severe cor pulmonale, cyanosis and right heart disease. The uncontrolled atrial fibrillation in such a sick patient was often a terminal event.
Dr Harry Mond
About Assoc Prof Harry Mond
In 49+ years as a practicing cardiologist, Dr Harry Mond has published 260+ published manuscripts & books. A co-founder of CardioScan, he remains Medical Director and oversees 500K+ heart studies each year.
Download his full profile here.
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- Wandering atrial pacemaker
Term Hierarchy
- C R O G V Wandering atrial pacemaker
Professional guidelines
Recent clinical studies, clinical prediction guides.
![wandering atrial pacemaker characteristics LITFL-Life-in-the-FastLane-760-180](https://litfl.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/LITFL-Life-in-the-FastLane-760-180.jpg)
Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT)
- Ed Burns and Robert Buttner
- Jun 4, 2021
Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT) Overview
- A rapid, irregular atrial rhythm arising from multiple ectopic foci within the atria.
- Most commonly seen in patients with severe COPD or congestive heart failure.
- It is typically a transitional rhythm between frequent premature atrial complexes (PACs) and atrial flutter / fibrillation.
AKA “Chaotic atrial tachycardia”
Electrocardiographic Features
- Heart rate > 100 bpm (usually 100-150 bpm; may be as high as 250 bpm).
- Irregularly irregular rhythm with varying PP, PR and RR intervals.
- At least 3 distinct P-wave morphologies in the same lead.
- Isoelectric baseline between P-waves (i.e. no flutter waves).
- Absence of a single dominant atrial pacemaker (i.e. not just sinus rhythm with frequent PACs).
- Some P waves may be nonconducted; others may be aberrantly conducted to the ventricles.
There may be additional electrocardiographic features suggestive of COPD.
Clinical Relevance
- Usually occurs in seriously ill elderly patients with respiratory failure (e.g. exacerbation of COPD / CHF).
- Tends to resolve following treatment of the underlying disorder.
- The development of MAT during an acute illness is a poor prognostic sign, associated with a 60% in-hospital mortality and mean survival of just over a year. Death occurs due to the underlying illness; not the arrhythmia itself.
Arises due to a combination of factors that are present in hospitalised patients with acute-on-chronic respiratory failure:
- Right atrial dilatation (from cor pulmonale )
- Increased sympathetic drive
- Hypoxia and hypercarbia
- Beta-agonists
- Theophylline
- Electrolyte abnormalities: Hypokalaemia and hypomagnesaemia (e.g. secondary to diuretics / beta-agonists)
The net result is increased atrial automaticity.
ECG Examples
![wandering atrial pacemaker characteristics Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT)](https://litfl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Multifocal-Atrial-Tachycardia-MAT-1024x232.jpg)
Multifocal atrial tachycardia:
- Rapid irregular rhythm > 100 bpm.
- At least 3 distinctive P-wave morphologies (arrows).
![wandering atrial pacemaker characteristics Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT) COPD 2](https://litfl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Multifocal-Atrial-Tachycardia-MAT-COPD-2-1024x518.jpg)
MAT with additional features of COPD :
- Rapid, irregular rhythm with multiple P-wave morphologies (best seen in the rhythm strip).
- Right axis deviation, dominant R wave in V1 and deep S wave in V6 suggest right ventricular hypertrophy due to cor pulmonale.
Related Topics
- The ECG in COPD
- Right atrial enlargement (P pulmonale)
- Right ventricular hypertrophy
Advanced Reading
- Wiesbauer F, Kühn P. ECG Mastery: Yellow Belt online course. Understand ECG basics. Medmastery
- Wiesbauer F, Kühn P. ECG Mastery: Blue Belt online course : Become an ECG expert. Medmastery
- Kühn P, Houghton A. ECG Mastery: Black Belt Workshop . Advanced ECG interpretation. Medmastery
- Rawshani A. Clinical ECG Interpretation ECG Waves
- Smith SW. Dr Smith’s ECG blog .
- Zimmerman FH. ECG Core Curriculum . 2023
- Mattu A, Berberian J, Brady WJ. Emergency ECGs: Case-Based Review and Interpretations , 2022
- Straus DG, Schocken DD. Marriott’s Practical Electrocardiography 13e, 2021
- Brady WJ, Lipinski MJ et al. Electrocardiogram in Clinical Medicine . 1e, 2020
- Mattu A, Tabas JA, Brady WJ. Electrocardiography in Emergency, Acute, and Critical Care . 2e, 2019
- Hampton J, Adlam D. The ECG Made Practical 7e, 2019
- Kühn P, Lang C, Wiesbauer F. ECG Mastery: The Simplest Way to Learn the ECG . 2015
- Grauer K. ECG Pocket Brain (Expanded) 6e, 2014
- Surawicz B, Knilans T. Chou’s Electrocardiography in Clinical Practice: Adult and Pediatric 6e, 2008
- Chan TC. ECG in Emergency Medicine and Acute Care 1e, 2004
LITFL Further Reading
- ECG Library Basics – Waves, Intervals, Segments and Clinical Interpretation
- ECG A to Z by diagnosis – ECG interpretation in clinical context
- ECG Exigency and Cardiovascular Curveball – ECG Clinical Cases
- 100 ECG Quiz – Self-assessment tool for examination practice
- ECG Reference SITES and BOOKS – the best of the rest
ECG LIBRARY
Emergency Physician in Prehospital and Retrieval Medicine in Sydney, Australia. He has a passion for ECG interpretation and medical education | ECG Library |
![wandering atrial pacemaker characteristics](https://litfl.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Profile-Pic-Updated-100x100.png)
Robert Buttner
MBBS (UWA) CCPU (RCE, Biliary, DVT, E-FAST, AAA) Adult/Paediatric Emergency Medicine Advanced Trainee in Melbourne, Australia. Special interests in diagnostic and procedural ultrasound, medical education, and ECG interpretation. Editor-in-chief of the LITFL ECG Library . Twitter: @rob_buttner
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IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
Wandering atrial pacemaker (WAP) is an atrial rhythm where the pacemaking activity of the heart originates from different locations within the atria. This is different from normal pacemaking activity, where the sinoatrial node (SA node) is responsible for each heartbeat and keeps a steady rate and rhythm. Causes of wandering atrial pacemaker are unclear, but there may be factors leading to its ...
Wandering Atrial Pacemaker (WAP) is a cardiac rhythm disorder that causes irregular and variable heartbeats. Learn the Heart - Healio provides a comprehensive ECG review of this condition ...
A wandering atrial pacemaker is usually found with an electrocardiogram ( EKG or ECG). It's a test that lets your doctor see a record of the electrical signals in your heart. If the irregular ...
This rhythm is benign. This rhythm and multifocal atrial tachycardia are similar except for heart rate. The other possible explanation is that there is significant respiratory sinus arrhythmia, with uncovering of latent foci of pacemaker activity. Usually, it is associated with underlying lung disease. In the elderly, it may be a manifestation ...
This article is a guide for interpreting abnormal Wandering Atrial Pacemaker EKGs, including qualifying criteria and a sample EKG rhythnm strip. Wandering atrial pacemaker is an arrhythmia originating in shifting pacemaker sites from the SA node to the atria and back to the SA node. On an ECG, the p-waves reflect the pacemaker shifts by shape variations. The PRI interval may vary from one beat ...
Wandering Atrial Pacemaker Rhythm Strip Features. Rate: Normal (60-100 bpm) Rhythm: May be irregular. P Wave: Changing shape and size from beat to beat (at least three different forms) PR Interval: Variable. QRS: Normal (0.06-0.10 sec) The electrical impulses causing the atrial activity are moving or wandering.
An atrial arrhythmia that occurs when the natural cardiac pacemaker site shifts between the sinoatrial node (SA node), the atria, and/or the atrioventricular...
Wandering atrial pacemaker. Non-arrhythmic cardiac causes: Acute coronary syndrome. Cardiomyopathy. Congenital heart disease. Congestive heart failure (CHF) Mitral valve prolapse. Pacemaker complication. Pericarditis.
Analysis. In Wandering Atrial Pacemaker ECG, you must observe at least three different shaped P waves. No other changes in the tracing may be observed. The rhythm may or may not be regular. The PR interval is often affected, but does not have to be. The bottom line, is you must observe at least three different shaped P waves.
If the rate is more than 100, this would be considered Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT). It is possible for a wandering atrial pacemaker to occur more often in the young and among athletes. The cause usually stems from an augmented vagal tone. An increase in the vagal tone causes a slower heart rate and allows the AV node or the atria to ...
Technically, for a rhythm to be classified as a wandering pacemaker — there should be gradual shift between at least 3 different atrial sites.Since we only see 2 different atrial sites (highlighted by RED and BLUE arrows) in Figure-2 — we would need a longer period of monitoring to prove this rhythm is a wandering pacemaker.That said — wandering pacemaker is the most logical explanation ...
Wandering atrial pacemaker (WAP) occurs when the pacemaker site shifts back and forth between the sinus node and ectopic atrial sites. The P-wave morphology will vary as the pacemaker "wanders" between the multiple sites. Generally, at least three different P-wave morphologies should be identified before making the diagnosis of WAP.
Wandering atrial pacemaker, as the name implies, is an irregular ECG rhythm which wanders from sinus to at least two other different atrial ectopic foci resulting in P waves with three different morphologies. Here is an example: The rate is slow and there are two atrial ectopic foci: crista terminalis (looks like the sinus P wave), low atrial ...
This results in at least three different P wave morphologies, and often the PR interval may vary due to this. If the heart rate is less than 100 BPM we call this a wandering atrial pacemaker, or WAP. If it's greater than 100 BPM we call it a multifocal atrial tachycardia, or MAT for short.
Wandering atrial pacemaker (WAP) ( Fig. 3.12) is an atrial rhythm with multiple P-wave morphologies (three or more), often occurring in a repetitive pattern at a rate of less than 100 bpm. The pattern may be dependent on autonomic tone and the respiratory phase (with competing activation from the sinus node, AV node, and other areas in the atria).
A wandering atrial pacemaker is a specific arrhythmia that can affect the heart. A condition that affects the rhythm or rate of the heartbeat is known as an arrhythmia. ... (COPD) are proinflammatory states characterized by oxidative stress and accelerated aging. These characteristics are a probable reason for the higher risk of cardiovascular ...
Wandering atrial pacemaker (WAP) is a benign atrial arrhythmia observed in elderly patients suffering from obstructive pulmonary diseases that result from an ischemic heart. This report discusses WAP as observed in a patient who suffered an electrical injury. Keywords: wandering atrial pacemaker, voltage, electrical injury, arrhythmia, ampere.
Wandering Atrial Pacemaker (WAP) SPECIAL NOTE: Usually, you will have some NORMAL P wave configurations and two (or more) other Pwave configurations with a WAP (such as shown below). However, to call the EKG a WAP, you must see THREE different P wave configurations in your EKG Strip. Ectopic means 'other' sites (than SA node).
The pacemaker is activated and delivers a stimulus only when the intrinsic ventricular rate falls below a predetermined lower limit; pacemaker activity is suppressed when …. ECG tutorial: Basic principles of ECG analysis. … block; multifocal atrial rhythm (wandering atrial pacemaker) when the rate is <100 or multifocal atrial tachycardia ...
In this column, the cardiac rhythms known as wandering atrial pacemaker (WAP) and multifocal ectopic atrial tachycardia are considered. Unlike other atrial arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter, these heart rhythms are not caused by intrinsic pathological conduction problems and are usually eliminated by correcting noncardiac underlying conditions, such as respiratory ...
Definition. An electrocardiographic finding of a supraventricular arrhythmia characterized by 3 or more distinct P wave morphologies with an isoelectric baseline, variable PR intervals and no predominant atrial rhythm. The ventricular rate is typically below 100 beats per minute.
Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT) A rapid, irregular atrial rhythm arising from multiple ectopic foci within the atria. Most commonly seen in patients with severe COPD or congestive heart failure. It is typically a transitional rhythm between frequent premature atrial complexes (PACs) and atrial flutter / fibrillation.