travel time vomiting

ANDREW BRAINARD, MD, MPH, AND CHIP GRESHAM, MD

Am Fam Physician. 2014;90(1):41-46

Patient information : See related handout on motion sickness , written by the authors of this article.

Author disclosure: No relevant financial affiliations.

Motion sickness is a common syndrome that occurs upon exposure to certain types of motion. It is thought to be caused by conflict between the vestibular, visual, and other proprioceptive systems. Although nausea is the hallmark symptom, it is often preceded by stomach awareness, malaise, drowsiness, and irritability. Early self-diagnosis should be emphasized, and patients should be counseled about behavioral and pharmacologic strategies to prevent motion sickness before traveling. Patients should learn to identify situations that will lead to motion sickness and minimize the amount of unpleasant motion they are exposed to by avoiding difficult conditions while traveling or by positioning themselves in the most stable part of the vehicle. Slow, intermittent exposure to the motion can reduce symptoms. Other behavioral strategies include watching the true visual horizon, steering the vehicle, tilting their head into turns, or lying down with their eyes closed. Patients should also attempt to reduce other sources of physical, mental, and emotional discomfort. Scopolamine is a first-line medication for prevention of motion sickness and should be administered transdermally several hours before the anticipated motion exposure. First-generation antihistamines, although sedating, are also effective. Nonsedating antihistamines, ondansetron, and ginger root are not effective in the prevention and treatment of motion sickness.

Motion sickness is a syndrome that occurs when a patient is exposed to certain types of motion and usually resolves soon after its cessation. It is a common response to motion stimuli during travel. Although nausea is a hallmark symptom, the syndrome includes symptoms ranging from vague malaise to completely incapacitating illness. These symptoms, which can affect the patient's recreation, employment, and personal safety, can occur within minutes of experiencing motion and can last for several hours after its cessation.

Nearly all persons will have symptoms in response to severe motion stimuli, and a history of motion sickness best predicts future symptoms. 1 Females, children two to 15 years of age, and persons with conditions associated with nausea (e.g., early pregnancy, migraines, vestibular syndromes) report increased susceptibility.

The pathogenesis of motion sickness is not clearly understood, but it is thought to be related to conflict between the vestibular, visual, and other proprioceptive systems. 2 Rotary, vertical, and low-frequency motions produce more symptoms than linear, horizontal, and high-frequency motions. 1

Clinical Presentation

Although nausea may be the first recognized symptom of motion sickness, it is almost always preceded by other subtle symptoms such as stomach awareness (i.e., a sensation of fullness in the epigastrium), malaise, drowsiness, and irritability. Failure to attribute early symptoms to motion sickness may lead to delays in diagnosis and treatment. Although mild symptoms are common, severely debilitating symptoms are rare 2 ( Table 1 1 , 2 ) .

Behavioral Interventions

Prevention of motion sickness is more effective than treating symptoms after they have occurred. Therefore, patients should learn to identify situations that may lead to motion sickness and be able to initiate behavioral strategies to prevent or minimize symptoms 1 , 2 ( Table 2 1 – 13 ) .

MINIMIZE VESTIBULAR MOTION

Patients should be advised to avoid traveling in difficult weather conditions. If they must travel, they should sit in the part of the vehicle with the least amount of rotational and vertical motion. 2 This is usually the lowest level in trains and buses, close to water level and in the center of boats, and over the wing on airplanes.

HABITUATE TO MOTION

With continuous exposure to motion, symptoms of motion sickness will usually subside in one to two days. Alternatively, slow, intermittent habituation to motion is an effective strategy to reduce symptoms. 1 For example, spending the first night aboard a boat in the marina, followed by a day acclimating in the harbor, is preferable to going straight into the open ocean.

SYNCHRONIZE THE VISUAL SYSTEM WITH THE MOTION

A small study found that focusing on the true horizon (skyline) minimized symptoms of motion sickness. 5 A survey of 3,256 bus passengers suggested that forward vision was helpful in reducing symptoms. 3 Another study indicated that forward vision in a car can reduce symptoms. 4

ACTIVELY SYNCHRONIZE THE BODY WITH THE MOTION

Actively steering the vehicle is an accepted strategy for reducing symptoms of motion sickness, although evidence is limited. 7 Additionally, a small study of automobile passengers found that actively tilting the head into turns was effective in preventing symptoms. 6 A survey of 260 cruise ship passengers supported the common advice to recline and passively stabilize themselves if they are unable to initiate active movements. 8

REDUCE OTHER SOURCES OF PHYSICAL, MENTAL, AND EMOTIONAL DISCOMFORT

Frequent consumption of light, soft, bland, low-fat, and low-acid food can minimize symptoms of motion sickness. 2 Treating gastritis is useful, 2 as is avoiding nausea-inducing stimuli (e.g., alcohol, noxious odors). Discussing symptoms with others can exacerbate the condition. Passengers should be well rested, well hydrated, well fed, and comfortable before beginning travel. Small studies have shown that cognitive behavior therapy, mindful breathing, and listening to music may also reduce symptoms of motion sickness. 9 , 10 , 13

Medications

Medications are most effective when taken prophylactically before traveling, or as soon as possible after the onset of symptoms 2 ( Table 3 1 , 2 , 14 – 23 ) . Medications are most effective when combined with behavioral strategies. To familiarize themselves with common side effects, patients should first take medications in a comfortable environment before using them for motion sickness during travel.

SCOPOLAMINE

Scopolamine, an anticholinergic, is a first-line option for preventing motion sickness in persons who wish to maintain wakefulness during travel. 2 , 20 , 24 A Cochrane review of 14 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) showed that scopolamine is effective for the prevention of motion sickness. 14 A more recent RCT of 76 naval crew members showed that transdermal scopolamine is more effective and has fewer side effects than the antihistamine cinnarizine (not available in the United States). 15 If the recommended dose of scopolamine does not adequately relieve symptoms, the dose may be doubled. Adding a second patch of transdermal scopolamine was well tolerated in a small RCT of 20 sailors. 25

ANTIHISTAMINES

First-generation antihistamines have been used to treat motion sickness since the 1940s. 1 They are generally recommended for patients who can tolerate their sedative effects. 2 , 20 Cyclizine (Marezine), dimenhydrinate, promethazine, and meclizine (Antivert) demonstrated effectiveness in small RCTs of varying quality. 16 – 19 Nonsedating antihistamines are not effective in preventing or treating motion sickness. 26

OTHER MEDICATIONS

Benzodiazepines are occasionally administered for severe symptoms of motion sickness and have been proven effective in a single small study. 27 The serotonin agonist rizatriptan (Maxalt) reduced motion sickness symptoms in a single RCT of 25 patients with recurrent migraines. 28 The serotonin antagonist ondansetron (Zofran) is ineffective for the prevention and treatment of motion sickness. 29 , 30

COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES

Although ginger root is often reported to prevent motion sickness, it had no statistically significant effects in an RCT of 80 naval cadets. 31 A single RCT of pregnant women showed that stimulation of the P6 acupressure point on the anterior wrist increased their tolerance of motion stimuli. 32 Controlled trials of behavioral, pharmacologic, or alternative therapies for motion sickness have demonstrated strong placebo effects. Therefore, treatments are likely to be most effective if the patient believes that they will work. 11 , 12

Data Sources : PubMed was searched using the MeSH headings motion sickness, ships, movement, space motion sickness, and travel. Additional searches were performed in Essential Evidence Plus, UpToDate, Medscape, and BMJ Clinical Evidence. Search dates: March 2012 through March 2014.

Golding JF. Motion sickness susceptibility. Auton Neurosci. 2006;129(1–2):67-76.

Shupak A, Gordon CR. Motion sickness: advances in pathogenesis, prediction, prevention, and treatment. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2006;77(12):1213-1223.

Turner M, Griffin MJ. Motion sickness in public road transport: the relative importance of motion, vision and individual differences. Br J Psychol. 1999;90(pt 4):519-530.

Griffin MJ, Newman MM. Visual field effects on motion sickness in cars. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2004;75(9):739-748.

Bos JE, MacKinnon SN, Patterson A. Motion sickness symptoms in a ship motion simulator: effects of inside, outside, and no view. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2005;76(12):1111-1118.

Wada T, Konno H, Fujisawa S, Doi S. Can passengers' active head tilt decrease the severity of carsickness? Effect of head tilt on severity of motion sickness in a lateral acceleration environment. Hum Factors. 2012;54(2):226-234.

Rolnick A, Lubow RE. Why is the driver rarely motion sick? The role of controllability in motion sickness. Ergonomics. 1991;34(7):867-879.

Gahlinger PM. Cabin location and the likelihood of motion sickness in cruise ship passengers. J Travel Med. 2000;7(3):120-124.

Dobie TG, May JG. The effectiveness of a motion sickness counselling programme. Br J Clin Psychol. 1995;34(pt 2):301-311.

Yen Pik Sang FD, Billar JP, Golding JF, Gresty MA. Behavioral methods of alleviating motion sickness: effectiveness of controlled breathing and a music audiotape. J Travel Med. 2003;10(2):108-111.

Horing B, Weimer K, Schrade D, et al. Reduction of motion sickness with an enhanced placebo instruction: an experimental study with healthy participants. Psychosom Med. 2013;75(5):497-504.

Eden D, Zuk Y. Seasickness as a self-fulfilling prophecy: raising self-efficacy to boost performance at sea. J Appl Psychol. 1995;80(5):628-635.

Denise P, Vouriot A, Normand H, Golding JF, Gresty MA. Effect of temporal relationship between respiration and body motion on motion sickness. Auton Neurosci. 2009;151(2):142-146.

Spinks A, Wasiak J. Scopolamine (hyoscine) for preventing and treating motion sickness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;6:CD002851.

Gil A, Nachum Z, Tal D, Shupak A. A comparison of cinnarizine and transdermal scopolamine for the prevention of seasickness in naval crew: a double-blind, randomized, crossover study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2012;35(1):37-39.

Estrada A, LeDuc PA, Curry IP, Phelps SE, Fuller DR. Airsickness prevention in helicopter passengers. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2007;78(4):408-413.

Brand JJ, Colquhoun WP, Gould AH, Perry WL. (—)-Hyoscine and cyclizine as motion sickness remedies. Br J Pharmacol Chemother. 1967;30(3):463-469.

Weinstein SE, Stern RM. Comparison of marezine and dramamine in preventing symptoms of motion sickness. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1997;68(10):890-894.

Paul MA, MacLellan M, Gray G. Motion-sickness medications for aircrew: impact on psychomotor performance. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2005;76(6):560-565.

Sherman CR. Motion sickness: review of causes and preventive strategies. J Travel Med. 2002;9(5):251-256.

Zajonc TP, Roland PS. Vertigo and motion sickness. Part II: pharmacologic treatment. Ear Nose Throat J. 2006;85(1):25-35.

Gordon CR, Shupak A. Prevention and treatment of motion sickness in children. CNS Drugs. 1999;12(5):369-381.

McDonald K, Trick L, Boyle J. Sedation and antihistamines: an update. Review of inter-drug differences using proportional impairment ratios. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2008;23(7):555-570.

Nachum Z, Shupak A, Gordon CR. Transdermal scopolamine for prevention of motion sickness: clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic applications. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2006;45(6):543-566.

Bar R, Gil A, Tal D. Safety of double-dose transdermal scopolamine. Pharmacotherapy. 2009;29(9):1082-1088.

Cheung BS, Heskin R, Hofer KD. Failure of cetirizine and fexofenadine to prevent motion sickness. Ann Pharmacother. 2003;37(2):173-177.

McClure JA, Lycett P, Baskerville JC. Diazepam as an anti-motion sickness drug. J Otolaryngol. 1982;11(4):253-259.

Furman JM, Marcus DA, Balaban CD. Rizatriptan reduces vestibular-induced motion sickness in migraineurs. J Headache Pain. 2011;12(1):81-88.

Muth ER, Elkins AN. High dose ondansetron for reducing motion sickness in highly susceptible subjects. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2007;78(7):686-692.

Hershkovitz D, Asna N, Shupak A, Kaminski G, Bar R, Tal D. Ondansetron for the prevention of seasickness in susceptible sailors: an evaluation at sea. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2009;80(7):643-646.

Grøntved A, Brask T, Kambskard J, Hentzer E. Ginger root against seasickness. A controlled trial on the open sea. Acta Otolaryngol. 1988;105(1–2):45-49.

Alkaissi A, Ledin T, Odkvist LM, Kalman S. P6 acupressure increases tolerance to nauseogenic motion stimulation in women at high risk for PONV. Can J Anaesth. 2005;52(7):703-709.

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13 Tips to Prevent Vomiting While Traveling: Easily Avoid Motion Sickness

Say goodbye to nausea: expert-approved hacks for traveling without vomiting.

As you're excitedly planning a road trip or boarding a plane to your dream destination. The anticipation builds, and you can't wait to embark on an adventure-filled journey. But suddenly, that familiar queasy feeling starts creeping up inside of you – motion sickness is rearing its ugly head again. Vomiting Prevention While Traveling: 13 Proven Tips to prevent vomiting while traveling. Don't let nausea ruin your travels – discover practical strategies for a comfortable and vomit-free journey.

Motion sickness affects thousands of people worldwide and has the unfortunate ability to turn any travel experience into a nightmare. From feeling nauseous to uncontrollable vomiting, this condition can quickly deflate the excitement of exploring new places. Understanding what causes motion sickness and recognizing its symptoms are crucial steps towards finding relief.

Table Of Contents

Tips to Prevent Vomiting While Traveling

#1. choose your seat wisely:, #2. manage sensory input:, #3. mind over matter: overcoming motion sickness with mental techniques, #4. medications and remedies to prevent vomiting while traveling, #5. eating light before traveling to avoid motion sickness:, #6. staying hydrated:, #7. find a comfortable seating position:, #8. keep your eyes on the horizon:, #9. take frequent breaks:, #10. control your breath:, #11. customize air flow:, #12. curb food intake before traveling:, #13. try over-the-counter remedies :, q1: what is motion sickness, q2: what are the common symptoms of motion sickness, q3: how can i prevent motion sickness while traveling, q4: are there any medications that can help prevent motion sickness, q5: can ginger help with preventing motion sickness, q6: is it better to travel on an empty stomach to avoid motion sickness, q7: are there any specific seating arrangements that can help prevent motion sickness, q8: can acupressure wristbands be helpful in preventing motion sickness.

In this article, we'll delve into the intricacies of motion sickness, discussing why some individuals are more prone to it than others. We'll explore common symptoms experienced by those susceptible to motion sickness and offer practical tips that will help you prevent vomiting while traveling – ensuring smoother journeys without sacrificing your wanderlust dreams! So sit back (or brace yourself), take note of these game-changing strategies, and let's pave the way for vomit-free travels !

When it comes to preventing motion sickness, choosing the right seat can make all the difference. In airplanes, try to secure a window seat as it allows you to have a fixed point of reference by looking outside at the horizon. This visual stability can help reduce feelings of nausea and dizziness. If you're on a train or bus, sitting near the front of the vehicle may also provide more stability, as the movement is less pronounced compared to seats towards the back.

Another pro tip for combating motion sickness is focusing on distant objects or fixing your gaze on a stable point in the distance. By doing this, your brain receives consistent sensory information from both your eyes and inner ear, which helps alleviate that queasy feeling in your stomach as you travel.

Additionally, if you're prone to motion sickness while traveling by boat or ship, consider booking a cabin with windows and access to fresh air. Being able to see through windows and having access to natural airflow can help maintain equilibrium within your body by minimizing sensory conflicts between what you see and feel onboard.

Remember that prevention is key when it comes to motion sickness – making these thoughtful seating choices will significantly improve your chances of avoiding uncomfortable bouts of vomiting during travel.

Controlling the environment around you plays a crucial role in overcoming motion sickness. One effective way to manage sensory input and prevent vomiting is by controlling visual stimuli. When in a moving vehicle, avoid fixing your gaze on objects inside the vehicle, such as reading materials or electronic devices. Instead, focus on distant objects or landscapes outside the window. This helps reorient your sense of balance and reduces feelings of nausea.

Another sensory input to consider is auditory sensations. Background noises can contribute to motion sickness for some individuals. Consider using earplugs or noise-canceling headphones during travel to minimize any auditory triggers that may intensify the onset of nausea. By reducing unnecessary sounds, you can create a more calming environment and decrease the chances of vomiting while traveling.

Remember, managing your sensory inputs goes beyond just relying on medication; it empowers you with practical strategies that promote comfort and well-being throughout your journey.

Take preventative measures: – Avoid heavy meals before traveling as they can exacerbate motion sickness symptoms. – Stay hydrated and sip on ginger tea or suck ginger candies known for their anti-nausea properties.

Practicing deep breathing exercises or meditation techniques during travel can help calm the mind and alleviate feelings of nausea.

• Deep breathing involves taking slow, deliberate breaths in through the nose and out through the mouth, focusing on expanding the stomach with each inhalation. This technique helps regulate your breathing patterns and promotes relaxation, helping to ease symptoms of motion sickness.
• Another effective strategy is distraction. Engaging your mind with other activities can divert your attention from any queasiness you might be experiencing. Listening to music or audiobooks, reading books or magazines, or playing games on electronic devices are great ways to keep yourself occupied while traveling. These distractions not only take your focus away from potential triggers for motion sickness but also provide an enjoyable way to pass the time.

By practicing these mental techniques like deep breathing and distraction methods, you can train your mind to overcome feelings of nausea while traveling . Remember that it might take some practice before you notice significant changes, so persevere and stay patient as you experiment with different strategies that work best for you during different modes of transportation.

Medications and remedies play a crucial role in preventing motion sickness and alleviating the symptoms of nausea. Over-the-counter medications specifically designed for this purpose can be highly effective. One such medication is dimenhydrinate, which is commonly found in products like Dramamine or Gravol. These medications work by suppressing the signals in the brain that trigger vomiting, making them a popular choice among travelers.

In addition to over-the-counter options, herbal remedies are also worth considering. Ginger supplements have long been known for their anti-nausea properties. Ginger works by calming the stomach and reducing inflammation, providing relief from feelings of queasiness and aiding digestion.

For those who prefer natural remedies, chewing on ginger candies or sipping on ginger tea while traveling can also offer some relief from motion sickness-related symptoms. It's important to note that while these remedies are generally well-tolerated, it's always advisable to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new medications or treatments.

By incorporating over-the-counter medications designed specifically for motion sickness prevention or exploring herbal options like ginger supplements, individuals prone to motion sickness can significantly reduce their chances of experiencing vomiting during travel. So whether you're taking a road trip or embarking on an adventure-filled plane ride, these medication and remedy choices may make your journey more enjoyable and vomit-free!

Nothing ruins a journey more than feeling queasy and nauseous on the road. However, by making wise choices in your pre-travel meal plans, you can minimize the chances of motion sickness ruining your trip. One crucial aspect to consider is avoiding heavy meals before embarking on your adventure . Eating large portions or indulging in greasy and fatty foods can put additional strain on your stomach, making it more prone to motion sickness.

Instead, opt for lighter meals that are easy to digest. Foods such as lean proteins like chicken or fish, whole grains like quinoa or brown rice, and fresh fruits and vegetables can help replenish energy without weighing you down during travel. These light options provide necessary nutrients while ensuring that they don't overwhelm the stomach's digestion process .

Additionally, there are specific foods known for their anti-nausea properties that could be beneficial when consumed prior to traveling. Ginger has long been used as a natural remedy for nausea and has shown promising effects in reducing motion sickness symptoms. You might consider sipping ginger tea or eating some crystallized ginger before heading out on your excursion.

Another food with potential benefits is peppermint which has soothing properties for an upset stomach. A cup of peppermint tea or sucking on a peppermint candy can work wonders when trying to prevent nausea during travel.

By adopting these simple dietary adjustments and incorporating gentle nutritional choices into your pre-travel routine, you'll be well on your way to enjoying a comfortable ride without the misery of vomiting due to motion sickness

It's no secret that staying hydrated is crucial for overall health, but did you know it can also help prevent motion sickness? Hydration plays a significant role in regulating your body's balance and equilibrium, reducing the chances of experiencing nausea or vomiting while on the move.

When traveling, especially by air or road, the dry environment can dehydrate your body quickly. Dehydration not only exacerbates motion sickness symptoms but can also lead to fatigue and dizziness. To combat this, make sure to drink water frequently throughout your journey . Keep a bottle of water handy and take small sips at regular intervals. It's better to hydrate before feeling thirsty as thirst may already be an indicator of dehydration.

For those who struggle with the taste of plain water, consider flavoring it with slices of lemon or cucumber to make it more enticing.

• You could also opt for electrolyte-rich drinks like coconut water or sports beverages if allowed onboard flights or available during pit stops.
• Aim for at least 8-10 cups (64-80 ounces) of fluid intake per day while traveling – this will go a long way in keeping motion sickness at bay and ensuring a comfortable journey.

By prioritizing hydration during your travels, you'll not only feel refreshed but also reduce the risk of vomiting due to motion sickness significantly.

When it comes to preventing motion sickness, your seating position plays a crucial role. Opt for a seat where you can see the horizon and have maximum stability. Being close to windows or facing forward can help provide visual cues that reduce the disconnect between what your eyes see and what your inner ear senses. Additionally, try adjusting the seat's recline angle to find the most comfortable position for you.

Keeping your gaze fixed on a stable object in the distance can significantly reduce nausea and prevent vomiting while traveling. Focusing on stationary points such as hills, buildings, or distant horizons helps minimize conflicting sensory information that contributes to motion sickness symptoms.

If you're embarking on a long journey by car or train, taking regular breaks is essential for combating motion sickness-induced vomiting. Stepping outside into fresh air and allowing yourself time to rest can help alleviate symptoms associated with prolonged travel.

Deep breathing exercises are effective in managing motion sickness-related discomforts like vomiting. Practice slow and controlled breathing by inhaling deeply through your nose and exhaling slowly through pursed lips frequently throughout your journey.

Proper ventilation can make all the difference when trying to avoid motion sickness-induced vomiting during air travel or drives with closed windows. Ensure there is adequate air circulation wherever possible by opening windows slightly or turning air vents towards you.

Eating light meals with low-fat content before embarking on any trip will work wonders in reducing instances of nausea and subsequent vomiting bouts during travel hours.Try avoiding greasy food items or consuming heavy meals right before traveling,.

There are several over-the-counter medications available specifically designed to combat motion sickness.These include antihistamines which help control nausea-causing hormones and alleviate symptoms.It is advisable to consult a healthcare professional or pharmacist regarding the right medication and dosage for your specific needs.

By implementing these practical tips, you can significantly reduce the risk of motion sickness-related vomiting while traveling, ensuring a more enjoyable journey. Remember, prevention is key when it comes to mitigating discomfort caused by motion sickness, so be proactive in taking care of yourself before and during your travels.

A1: Motion sickness is a condition characterized by nausea, dizziness, and vomiting caused by motion or movement.

A2: Common symptoms of motion sickness include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, sweating, and pale skin.

A3: You can prevent motion sickness by sitting in the front seat of a car, focusing on the horizon, and avoiding reading or looking at screens during travel.

A4: Yes, over-the-counter medications such as dimenhydrinate and meclizine can help prevent motion sickness.

A5: Yes, ginger has been shown to be effective in reducing nausea and can help prevent motion sickness.

A6: No, it's better to eat light meals before traveling to avoid an empty stomach but not too heavy that may cause discomfort.

A7: Sitting near the front of a vehicle or in a seat where you have a clear view of the horizon can help reduce the risk of experiencing motion sickness.

A8: Yes, acupressure wristbands have been found to provide relief for some individuals experiencing mild to moderate symptoms of motion sickness.

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🌟 Ready for a nausea-free journey? Check out these 13 expert-approved tips to prevent vomiting while traveling and make your adventures unforgettable! 🚗🛳️🛫 Say goodbye to motion sickness woes with these easy hacks: https://www.eytravels.com/tips-to-prevent-vomiting-while-traveling/ . #eytravels #traveltips #motion sickness #travelhacks #healthytravel #adventure #comforttravel 🌍 Don’t forget to follow and like for more travel tips! ✨

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Motion Sickness

Motion sickness happens when the movement you see is different from what your inner ear senses. This can cause dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. You can get motion sick in a car, or on a train, airplane, boat, or amusement park ride. Motion sickness can make traveling unpleasant, but there are strategies to prevent and treat it.

Preventing motion sickness without medicine

Avoiding situations that cause motion sickness is the best way to prevent it, but that is not always possible when you are traveling. The following strategies can help you avoid or lessen motion sickness.

• Sit in the front of a car or bus.
• Choose a window seat on flights and trains.
• If possible, try lying down, shutting your eyes, sleeping, or looking at the horizon.
• Stay hydrated by drinking water. Limit alcoholic and caffeinated beverages.
• Eat small amounts of food frequently.
• Avoid smoking. Even stopping for a short period of time helps.
• Try and distract yourself with activities, such as listening to music.
• Use flavored lozenges, such as ginger candy.

Using medicines for motion sickness

Medicines can be used to prevent or treat motion sickness, although many of them cause drowsiness. Talk to a healthcare professional to decide if you should take medicines for motion sickness. Commonly used medicines are diphenhydramine (Benadryl), dimenhydrinate (Dramamine), and scopolamine.

Special Consideration for Children

Motion sickness is more common in children ages 2 to 12 years old.

Some medicines used to prevent or treat motion sickness are not recommended for children. Talk to your healthcare professional about medicines and correct dosing of medicines for motion sickness for children. Only give the recommended dosage.

Although motion sickness medicines can make people sleepy, it can have the opposite effect for some children, causing them to be very active. Ask your doctor if you should give your child a test dose before traveling.

More Information

Motion Sickness in CDC Yellow Book

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If motion sickness is spoiling your trip, these 9 tips will come in handy

Excited for your next trip but worried about the nausea and the dizziness that’s going to play spoilsport? We so feel for you sister, but this time we would not let motion sickness spoil your trip. We understand you’ve been waiting for Covid-19 restrictions to lift, so that you can take a much-needed break.

So, let’s get started!

9 revitalizing tips that will prevent motion sickness when you are on the go

1. choose an appropriate seat.

Did you know? The front passenger seat should be chosen to prevent motion sickness , when you travel by car. While going on a boat, you have to choose seats somewhere in the middle. Try to take a seat over the wing on a plane. You will need to face forward on a train, and try to sit near the window.

2. Get that much-needed air

“You will have to make sure that you get enough air while traveling. Use the air conditioner in the car. Try to direct the vent toward you on a plane. Sit near a window to get air, while on a boat. That will surely help you feel better,” says Dr. Jinendra Jain, consultant physician, Wockhardt Hospital, Mumbai.

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3. Avoid reading while traveling

If you are an avid reader and have motion sickness, avoid reading while you are in a car, plane, or boat. It may be essential for you to look at a distant object that will help you distract from feeling sick. Also, you need to avoid watching other moving objects like cars passing by, or even movies.

4. Avoid heavy meals before traveling

“If you have motion sickness , you should eat small portions of plain food. Don’t eat oily spicy or acidic foods before or during travel. These foods aggravate acidity and you may feel nauseated. Try to stay hydrated, drink enough water, and say NO to alcohol,” suggests Dr Jain.

5. Lying down is a good option

Lying down for some people will make their motion sickness better. You can do so when you travel by car or even train. For some people, standing up may be a better position. You can stand while traveling on a train or a boat.

6. Listen to music

Listening to music can be soothing, calm you down, and help you overcome nausea by distracting you. Go for any music of your choice.

7. Chew on basil leaves while traveling

Doing so will help you tackle symptoms of motion sickness like nausea and vomiting.

8. Take frequent breaks

If you are traveling by car, you need to take breaks. Just walk around and try to breathe fresh air.

9. Take the help of motion sickness medicines

“A majority of people feel nauseated, pukish, dizzy and even get a headache, while traveling. Thus, it is imperative for them to take motion sickness medication, one to two hours before traveling. Take medication after consulting a doctor,” says Dr Jain.

So, take a break from motion sickness and let the excitement prevail!

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Motion sickness

Travel sickness.

Peer reviewed by Dr Hayley Willacy, FRCGP Last updated by Dr Pippa Vincent, MRCGP Last updated 9 Jul 2024

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In this series: Health advice for travel abroad Travelling to remote locations Ears and flying Jet lag Altitude sickness

Motion sickness (travel sickness) is common, especially in children. It is caused by repeated movements during travelling which send strong (sometimes confusing) signals to the balance and position sensors in the brain.

In this article :

What is motion sickness, what causes motion sickness, is motion sickness normal, triggers for motion sickness, motion sickness symptoms, how long does motion sickness last, how to stop motion sickness, natural treatments for motion sickness, motion sickness medicines, what can a doctor prescribe for motion sickness, what should i do if i'm actually sick, what is disembarkation syndrome.

Symptoms of nausea, dizziness or vomiting, caused by travel in a vehicle, boat or aeroplane, is known as motion sickness. It can also be caused by playing video games or walking or standing on moving platforms, for example a pontoon on a lake.

Motion sickness is a response to repeated movements, such as going over bumps or around in a circle, which send lots of messages to the brain.

If sitting inside a vehicle or on a boat, particularly when focusing on things that are also inside the vehicle (such as a book or screen), then the eyes are sending signals to the brain that the person's position is not changing, whilst the balance mechanisms are sending signals to the brain that the person's position is constantly changing.

On a fairground ride when being spun in different directions, the eyes, the muscles and the balance sensors are all sending different messages to the brain at once.

These conflicting messages cause people to experience motion sickness.

Continue reading below

Motion sickness is very common and is a normal response that anyone can have when experiencing real or perceived motion. Everyone can develop motion sickness if exposed to sufficiently intense motion but some people are very rarely affected while other people are more susceptible and have to deal with motion sickness very often.

Motion sickness is more common in children and in women. Most children grow out of having motion sickness. It is not known why some people develop motion sickness more than others.

Symptoms can develop in cars, trains, planes and boats and on amusement park rides, etc. Sometimes trying to read a book or a map whilst travelling can trigger motion sickness. Strong smells whilst travelling can also trigger motion sickness.

Playing computer games can sometimes cause motion sickness to occur.

There are various symptoms of motion sickness including:

Feeling sick (nausea and vomiting).

Sweating and cold sweats.

Increase in saliva.

Headaches .

Feeling cold and going pale.

Feeling weak.

Symptoms typically go when the journey is over; however, in some people they can last for a few hours, or even days, after the journey ends.

Some general tips to avoid motion sickness include the following:

Prepare for the journey

Don't eat a heavy meal before travelling. Light, carbohydrate-based food like cereal, pasta or toast an hour or two before travelling is best.

On long journeys, try breaking the journey to have some fresh air, drink some cold water and, if possible, take a short walk.

For more in-depth advice on travelling generally, see the separate leaflets called Health advice for travel abroad , Travelling to remote locations , Ears and flying (Aeroplane ear) , Jet lag and Altitude sickness .

Plan where to sit

Keep motion to a minimum. For example, try to sit in the front seat of a car, over the wing of a plane, or on deck in the middle of a boat.

On a boat, stay on deck and avoid sitting where the engines can be smelt.

Breathe fresh air

Breathe fresh air if possible. For example, open a car window.

Avoid strong smells, particularly petrol and diesel fumes. This may mean closing the window and turning on the air conditioning, or avoiding the engine area in a boat.

Use eyes and ears differently

Close your eyes (and keep them closed for the whole journey). This reduces 'positional' signals from your eyes to your brain and reduces the confusion.

Don't try to read.

Try listening to an audio book with your eyes closed. There is some evidence that distracting your brain with audio signals can reduce your sensitivity to the motion signals.

Try to sleep - this works mainly because your eyes are closed, but it is possible that your brain is able to ignore some motion signals when you are asleep.

Do not read or watch a film.

It is advisable not to watch moving objects such as waves or other cars. Don't look at things your brain expects to stay still, like a book inside the car. Instead, look ahead, a little above the horizon, at a fixed place.

If you are the driver you are less likely to feel motion sickness. This is probably because you are constantly focused on the road ahead and attuned to the movements that you expect the vehicle to make. If you are not the driver, then sitting in the front and watching what the driver is watching can be helpful.

Treat your tummy gently

Avoid heavy meals and do not drink alcohol before and during travelling. It may also be worth avoiding spicy or fatty food.

Try to 'tame your tummy' with sips of a cold water or a sweet, fizzy drink. Cola or ginger ale are recommended.

Try alternative treatments

Sea-Bands® are acupressure bands that can be worn on the wrists to put pressure on acupressure points that Chinese medicine suggests affects motion sickness. Some people find that they are effective.

Homeopathic medicines seem to help some people, and will not cause drowsiness.

All the techniques above which aim to prevent motion sickness will also help reduce it once it has begun. Other techniques, which are useful on their own to treat motion sickness but can also be used with medicines if required, are:

Breathe deeply and slowly and, while focusing on breathing, listening to music. This has been proved to be effective in clinical trials.

Ginger can improve motion sickness in some people (as a biscuit or sweet, or in a drink).

There are several motion sickness medicines available which can reduce, or prevent, symptoms of motion sickness. They can be bought from pharmacies. They work by interfering with the nerve signals described above.

Medicines are best taken before the journey. They may still help even if taken after symptoms have begun, although medicines are absorbed less well once nausea has started. Therefore, skin patches or medications absorbed through the gums are more effective after nausea has already developed.

Hyoscine is usually the most effective medicine for motion sickness . It is also known as scopolamine. It works by preventing the confusing nerve messages going to the brain.

There are several brands of medicines which contain hyoscine - they also come in a soluble form for children. A dose should be taken 30-60 minutes before a journey; the effect can last up to 72 hours.

Hyoscine also comes as a patch for people aged 10 years or over. (This is only available on prescription - see below.) Side-effects of hyoscine include dry mouth , drowsiness and blurred vision.

Antihistamines

Antihistamines can also be useful , although they are not quite as effective as hyoscine. However, they usually cause fewer side-effects.

Several types of antihistamine are sold for motion sickness. All can cause drowsiness, although some are more prone to cause it than others; for example, promethazine , which may be of use for young children on long journeys, particularly tends to cause drowsiness. Older children or adults may prefer one that is less likely to cause drowsiness - for example, cinnarizine or cyclizine.

Remember, children who have taken medicines which cause drowsiness can sometimes be irritable when the medicines wear off.

See the separate article called How to manage motion sickness .

Side-effects of motion sickness medicines

Some medicines used for motion sickness may cause drowsiness. Some people are extremely sensitive to this and may find that they are so drowsy that they can't function properly at all.

For others the effects may be milder but can still impair reactions and alertness. It is therefore advisable not to drive and not to operate heavy machinery after taking these. In addition, some medicines may interfere with alcohol or other medication; the pharmacist can advise you about this.

There are a number of anti-sickness medicines which can only be prescribed. Not all of them always work well for motion sickness, and finding something that works may be a case of trial and error. They are not usually better than the over-the-counter options. In some areas of the UK, they are not recommended for prescribing.

All of them work best taken up to an hour before the journey, and work less well if used when already feeling sick. See also the separate leaflet called Nausea medicine for more detailed information about these medicines .

Hyoscine patch

Hyoscine, or scopolamine, patches are suitable for adults and for children over 10 years old. The medicine is absorbed through the skin, although this method of medicine delivery is slow so the patch works best if applied well before your journey. The patch needs to be stuck onto the skin behind the ear 5-6 hours before travelling (often this will mean late on the previous night) and removed at the end of the journey. There is no evidence that this works better than any other medications for motion sickness.

Prochlorperazine

Prochlorperazine is a prescription-only medicine which works by changing the actions of the chemicals that control the tendency to be sick (vomit) in the brain.

One form of prochlorperazine is Buccastem®, which is absorbed through your gums and does not need to be swallowed. Buccastem® tastes rather bitter but it can be effective for sickness when already feeling sick as it doesn't have to be absorbed by the stomach.

Metoclopramide

Metoclopramide is a tablet used to speed up the emptying of your tummy. Slow emptying of the tummy is something that happens when you develop nausea and vomiting, so metoclopramide can help prevent this.

It prevents nausea and vomiting quite effectively in some people. It can have unpleasant side-effects, particularly in children (in whom it is not recommended).

Metoclopramide is often helpful for those who tend to have gastric reflux, those who have slow tummy emptying because of previous surgery, and those who have type 1 diabetes.

Ondansetron

Ondansetron is a powerful antisickness medicine which is most commonly used for sickness caused by chemotherapy, and occasionally used for morning sickness in pregnancy. It is not usually effective for motion sickness. This, and its relatively high cost, means that it is not prescribed for motion sickness alone. However, for those undergoing chemotherapy, and for those who have morning sickness aggravated by travel, ondansetron may be helpful.

Vomiting may relieve the symptoms of motion sickness a little, although not always for very long. After being sick:

Try a cool flannel on your forehead, try to get some fresh air on your face and do your best to find a way to rinse your mouth to get rid of the taste.

Don't drink anything for ten to twenty minutes (or it may come straight back), although (very) tiny sips of very cold water, coke or ginger ale may help.

After this, go back to taking all the prevention measures above.

Once you reach your destination you may continue to feel unwell. Sleep if you can, sip cold iced water, and - when you feel ready - try some small carbohydrate snacks. Avoid watching TV (more moving objects to watch!) until you feel a little better.

The sensation, also called 'mal de debarquement' (French for sickness on disembarking), refers to the sensation that some people experience after travel on a boat, train or plane, when they continue to feel for some time as though the ground is rocking beneath their feet.

It is probably caused by the overstimulation of the balance organs during the journey. It usually lasts only an hour or two, but in some people it can last for several days, particularly after a long sea journey. It does not usually require any treatment.

Persistent mal de debarquement syndrome is an uncommon condition in which these symptoms may persist for months or years.

Dr Mary Lowth is an author or the original author of this leaflet.

Further reading and references

• Spinks A, Wasiak J ; Scopolamine (hyoscine) for preventing and treating motion sickness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jun 15;(6):CD002851.
• Lackner JR ; Motion sickness: more than nausea and vomiting. Exp Brain Res. 2014 Aug;232(8):2493-510. doi: 10.1007/s00221-014-4008-8. Epub 2014 Jun 25.
• Leung AK, Hon KL ; Motion sickness: an overview. Drugs Context. 2019 Dec 13;8:2019-9-4. doi: 10.7573/dic.2019-9-4. eCollection 2019.
• Van Ombergen A, Van Rompaey V, Maes LK, et al ; Mal de debarquement syndrome: a systematic review. J Neurol. 2016 May;263(5):843-854. doi: 10.1007/s00415-015-7962-6. Epub 2015 Nov 11.
• Takov V, Tadi P ; Motion Sickness.
• J Bentley, L Fitzsimmons ; Motion Sickness: Causes, Prevention and Management. Pharmaceutical Journal, March 2023
• Karrim N, Byrne R, Magula N, et al ; Antihistamines for motion sickness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Oct 17;10(10):CD012715. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012715.pub2.

Article history

The information on this page is written and peer reviewed by qualified clinicians.

Next review due: 8 Jul 2027

9 jul 2024 | latest version.

Last updated by

Dr Pippa Vincent, MRCGP

Peer reviewed by

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• Patient Care & Health Information
• Diseases & Conditions
• Traveler's diarrhea

Gastrointestinal tract

Your digestive tract stretches from your mouth to your anus. It includes the organs necessary to digest food, absorb nutrients and process waste.

Traveler's diarrhea is a digestive tract disorder that commonly causes loose stools and stomach cramps. It's caused by eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water. Fortunately, traveler's diarrhea usually isn't serious in most people — it's just unpleasant.

When you visit a place where the climate or sanitary practices are different from yours at home, you have an increased risk of developing traveler's diarrhea.

To reduce your risk of traveler's diarrhea, be careful about what you eat and drink while traveling. If you do develop traveler's diarrhea, chances are it will go away without treatment. However, it's a good idea to have doctor-approved medicines with you when you travel to high-risk areas. This way, you'll be prepared in case diarrhea gets severe or won't go away.

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Traveler's diarrhea may begin suddenly during your trip or shortly after you return home. Most people improve within 1 to 2 days without treatment and recover completely within a week. However, you can have multiple episodes of traveler's diarrhea during one trip.

The most common symptoms of traveler's diarrhea are:

• Suddenly passing three or more looser watery stools a day.
• An urgent need to pass stool.
• Stomach cramps.

Sometimes, people experience moderate to severe dehydration, ongoing vomiting, a high fever, bloody stools, or severe pain in the belly or rectum. If you or your child experiences any of these symptoms or if the diarrhea lasts longer than a few days, it's time to see a health care professional.

When to see a doctor

Traveler's diarrhea usually goes away on its own within several days. Symptoms may last longer and be more severe if it's caused by certain bacteria or parasites. In such cases, you may need prescription medicines to help you get better.

If you're an adult, see your doctor if:

• Your diarrhea lasts beyond two days.
• You become dehydrated.
• You have severe stomach or rectal pain.
• You have bloody or black stools.
• You have a fever above 102 F (39 C).

While traveling internationally, a local embassy or consulate may be able to help you find a well-regarded medical professional who speaks your language.

Be especially cautious with children because traveler's diarrhea can cause severe dehydration in a short time. Call a doctor if your child is sick and has any of the following symptoms:

• Ongoing vomiting.
• A fever of 102 F (39 C) or more.
• Bloody stools or severe diarrhea.
• Dry mouth or crying without tears.
• Signs of being unusually sleepy, drowsy or unresponsive.
• Decreased volume of urine, including fewer wet diapers in infants.

It's possible that traveler's diarrhea may stem from the stress of traveling or a change in diet. But usually infectious agents — such as bacteria, viruses or parasites — are to blame. You typically develop traveler's diarrhea after ingesting food or water contaminated with organisms from feces.

So why aren't natives of high-risk countries affected in the same way? Often their bodies have become used to the bacteria and have developed immunity to them.

Risk factors

Each year millions of international travelers experience traveler's diarrhea. High-risk destinations for traveler's diarrhea include areas of:

• Central America.
• South America.
• South Asia and Southeast Asia.

Traveling to Eastern Europe, South Africa, Central and East Asia, the Middle East, and a few Caribbean islands also poses some risk. However, your risk of traveler's diarrhea is generally low in Northern and Western Europe, Japan, Canada, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States.

Your chances of getting traveler's diarrhea are mostly determined by your destination. But certain groups of people have a greater risk of developing the condition. These include:

• Young adults. The condition is slightly more common in young adult tourists. Though the reasons why aren't clear, it's possible that young adults lack acquired immunity. They may also be more adventurous than older people in their travels and dietary choices, or they may be less careful about avoiding contaminated foods.
• People with weakened immune systems. A weakened immune system due to an underlying illness or immune-suppressing medicines such as corticosteroids increases risk of infections.
• People with diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, or severe kidney, liver or heart disease. These conditions can leave you more prone to infection or increase your risk of a more-severe infection.
• People who take acid blockers or antacids. Acid in the stomach tends to destroy organisms, so a reduction in stomach acid may leave more opportunity for bacterial survival.
• People who travel during certain seasons. The risk of traveler's diarrhea varies by season in certain parts of the world. For example, risk is highest in South Asia during the hot months just before the monsoons.

Complications

Because you lose vital fluids, salts and minerals during a bout with traveler's diarrhea, you may become dehydrated, especially during the summer months. Dehydration is especially dangerous for children, older adults and people with weakened immune systems.

Dehydration caused by diarrhea can cause serious complications, including organ damage, shock or coma. Symptoms of dehydration include a very dry mouth, intense thirst, little or no urination, dizziness, or extreme weakness.

Watch what you eat

The general rule of thumb when traveling to another country is this: Boil it, cook it, peel it or forget it. But it's still possible to get sick even if you follow these rules.

Other tips that may help decrease your risk of getting sick include:

• Don't consume food from street vendors.
• Don't consume unpasteurized milk and dairy products, including ice cream.
• Don't eat raw or undercooked meat, fish and shellfish.
• Don't eat moist food at room temperature, such as sauces and buffet offerings.
• Eat foods that are well cooked and served hot.
• Stick to fruits and vegetables that you can peel yourself, such as bananas, oranges and avocados. Stay away from salads and from fruits you can't peel, such as grapes and berries.
• Be aware that alcohol in a drink won't keep you safe from contaminated water or ice.

Don't drink the water

When visiting high-risk areas, keep the following tips in mind:

• Don't drink unsterilized water — from tap, well or stream. If you need to consume local water, boil it for three minutes. Let the water cool naturally and store it in a clean covered container.
• Don't use locally made ice cubes or drink mixed fruit juices made with tap water.
• Beware of sliced fruit that may have been washed in contaminated water.
• Use bottled or boiled water to mix baby formula.
• Order hot beverages, such as coffee or tea, and make sure they're steaming hot.
• Feel free to drink canned or bottled drinks in their original containers — including water, carbonated beverages, beer or wine — as long as you break the seals on the containers yourself. Wipe off any can or bottle before drinking or pouring.
• Use bottled water to brush your teeth.
• Don't swim in water that may be contaminated.
• Keep your mouth closed while showering.

If it's not possible to buy bottled water or boil your water, bring some means to purify water. Consider a water-filter pump with a microstrainer filter that can filter out small microorganisms.

You also can chemically disinfect water with iodine or chlorine. Iodine tends to be more effective, but is best reserved for short trips, as too much iodine can be harmful to your system. You can purchase water-disinfecting tablets containing chlorine, iodine tablets or crystals, or other disinfecting agents at camping stores and pharmacies. Be sure to follow the directions on the package.

Follow additional tips

Here are other ways to reduce your risk of traveler's diarrhea:

• Make sure dishes and utensils are clean and dry before using them.
• Wash your hands often and always before eating. If washing isn't possible, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol to clean your hands before eating.
• Seek out food items that require little handling in preparation.
• Keep children from putting things — including their dirty hands — in their mouths. If possible, keep infants from crawling on dirty floors.
• Tie a colored ribbon around the bathroom faucet to remind you not to drink — or brush your teeth with — tap water.

Other preventive measures

Public health experts generally don't recommend taking antibiotics to prevent traveler's diarrhea, because doing so can contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Antibiotics provide no protection against viruses and parasites, but they can give travelers a false sense of security about the risks of consuming local foods and beverages. They also can cause unpleasant side effects, such as skin rashes, skin reactions to the sun and vaginal yeast infections.

As a preventive measure, some doctors suggest taking bismuth subsalicylate, which has been shown to decrease the likelihood of diarrhea. However, don't take this medicine for longer than three weeks, and don't take it at all if you're pregnant or allergic to aspirin. Talk to your doctor before taking bismuth subsalicylate if you're taking certain medicines, such as anticoagulants.

Common harmless side effects of bismuth subsalicylate include a black-colored tongue and dark stools. In some cases, it can cause constipation, nausea and, rarely, ringing in your ears, called tinnitus.

• Feldman M, et al., eds. Infectious enteritis and proctocolitis. In: Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management. 11th ed. Elsevier; 2021. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed May 25, 2021.
• LaRocque R, et al. Travelers' diarrhea: Microbiology, epidemiology, and prevention. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed May 26, 2021.
• Ferri FF. Traveler diarrhea. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2023. Elsevier; 2023. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed April 28, 2023.
• Diarrhea. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/diarrhea. Accessed April 27, 2023.
• Travelers' diarrhea. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/preparing-international-travelers/travelers-diarrhea. Accessed April 28, 2023.
• LaRocque R, et al. Travelers' diarrhea: Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed May 26, 2021.
• Khanna S (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. May 29, 2021.

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How to Stop Throwing Up

Relief From Constant Vomiting and Nausea

Resting, slowly introducing water (and later, bland foods), and using natural remedies like ginger tea are all helpful suggestions for how to stop throwing up and ease nausea. While these remedies aren't guaranteed, they can give your stomach a chance to settle, reducing the likelihood of you vomiting again and becoming dehydrated.

Verywell / JR Bee

In some cases, prescription medications that control queasiness and vomiting may be recommended.

This article outlines how to stop throwing up, step by step, so you can support your body as it recovers and feel better faster. It also offers prevention tips to help you stop throwing up, explains what to do about vomiting in children, and lets you know when to see a healthcare provider.

Common Causes of Constant Vomiting

• Drinking too much alcohol
• Gastroenteritis (aka a " stomach bug ")
• Food poisoning
• Pregnancy, particularly during the first trimester (which usually resolves as the pregnancy progresses)

Let Your Stomach Rest

If you've been vomiting, the first step is to let your stomach rest. After you stop throwing up, don't try to eat or drink anything for 15 to 20 minutes so you can allow your stomach time to recover.

Sit quietly and avoid lying down when you are having a vomiting episode; moving around can make nausea worse. Giving the muscles in your stomach time to rest will lower the chances that you will vomit once you start eating and drinking again.

Letting your stomach rest can help you stop throwing up after food poisoning . Food poisoning often just needs to run its course. While you're recovering, replace lost electrolytes and drink plenty of fluids to stay hydrated. Water, fruit juices diluted with water, sports drinks, and broth are all good choices.

Severe cases of food poisoning should be taken seriously. See a healthcare provider if you have bloody diarrhea, diarrhea lasting for more than three days, a fever of over 102°F, vomiting to the point where you can't keep fluids down, or signs of dehydration .

Drink Fluids Before Trying Food

If you have not vomited again after a period of rest, try to take small sips of liquid every five to 10 minutes. While you shouldn't overtax your stomach, it's also important to avoid becoming dehydrated as a result of vomiting.

The best fluids to try include:

• Sports drinks (such as Gatorade)
• Electrolyte-replacement drinks (such as Pedialyte ) for children

Drinks such as carbonated sodas and milk should be avoided until you are able to begin eating your normal diet.

If you are caring for a small child who is sick, be careful not to let them drink a lot of fluid all at once. It may be easier to keep an eye on those amounts by using a syringe or a spoon to give liquid, rather than a cup or baby bottle.

If vomiting begins again after starting fluids, go back to step 1. If you or your child can keep down small amounts, slowly drink more with each sip.

Start on the BRAT Diet

The BRAT diet may be an option, as it includes bland foods that are easy to digest. These include bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast, though the diet can be modified with the addition of similar foods as well.

However, the BRAT diet doesn't have a lot of energy density and it lacks protein and fat content. Therefore, is no longer recommended for children. However, the BRAT diet foods can be added back into the diet once your child is ready for regular foods.

In addition to banana and rice cereal, those regular foods can include chicken, crackers, and pasta. If the child is actively vomiting, bananas and other solid foods are to be avoided.

If you start throwing up again after you try these foods, go back to step 1.

Start a Normal Diet

If you are able to keep both clear liquids and bland foods down, you may be ready to move toward your normal diet. It will likely be a day or two after you have stopped throwing up before you fully return to it, though.

Once you decide you can eat again, take it slowly even if you feel better. If you start to feel sick after eating but do not vomit again, go back to the BRAT diet. If you do start throwing up again, go back to step 1 and call your healthcare provider.

Try Natural Remedies

In addition to following the recommended steps, you may want to try some natural remedies for vomiting. Herbal remedies that are thought to relieve nausea and/or vomiting include:

• Ginger tea, root, or candies
• Peppermint tea or candies
• Cinnamon tea

Acupressure can be used for nausea and vomiting as well:

• Place the first three fingers of your hand horizontally across your other wrist.
• Locate the two large tendons under your thumb.
• Using your thumb and forefinger, put pressure on this point for two to three minutes.

Aromatherapy seems to have an effect on reducing the sense of nausea for people after surgery. Essential oils that may have some benefit include peppermint , ginger, spearmint, fennel, and lavender.

Lemon essential oil can likewise prevent against vomiting after surgery. Cardamom may help prevent nausea related to a C-section. Certain blends of peppermint, ginger, cardamom, spearmint, and lavender may also offer relief.

The major component in clove extracts, eugenol essential oil (EEO), is also known to help control nausea and vomiting. In addition, it can aid in other gastrointestinal complaints and has antibacterial, antioxidant , and anti-inflammatory properties.

Another scent worth trying is chamomile essential oil. Chamomile is known to help reduce vomiting and has other beneficial properties as well.

Take Prescribed Medication

There are prescription drugs that can help control vomiting. Depending on the case, a healthcare provider may decide that one of them will help you feel better:

• Phenergan (promethazine) is an antihistamine that can also be used to control nausea and vomiting. It is not usually used in children.
• Zofran (ondansetron) was first used to treat severe nausea and vomiting after chemotherapy. It has fewer side effects than Phenergan and is often used to treat vomiting from other illnesses as well.

Does Pepto-Bismol Stop Vomiting?

Pepto-Bismol ( bismuth subsalicylate ) treats an upset stomach by coating its lining, but it doesn't keep you from throwing up if you have a stomach virus. Children under 12 years and anyone under 18 years who has recently had the flu or chickenpox should not take Pepto-Bismol, as it can raise the risk of Reye's syndrome .

Preventing nausea and vomiting may be as easy as changing a few habits. These suggestions may help you stop throwing up:

• Avoid hard-to-digest foods: Foods high in fat tend to be hard for your body to process. Those low in fat are easier to digest and move through your gut faster.
• Eat smaller portions: Eating smaller amounts at one time may give you relief from feeling like you have to throw up. To get your calorie and protein needs , you may have to eat more often.
• Eat meals slowly: Take your time to chew your food and don't rush the next bite.
• Drink clear, cool beverages: Take sips slowly, especially when sipping through a straw, and drink only as much as you can tolerate.
• Avoid trigger smells: The smell of cooking food, especially greasy foods, can induce nausea. Switch to cold foods, like dairy products, sandwiches, and fruits instead. Have someone else cook if smells make you nauseated.
• Avoid liquids when eating: Take liquids 30 to 60 minutes before and after eating.
• Maintain an upright posture after eating: Avoid lying down flat for at least two hours after you eat.

You may have certain times when you know you'll have nausea or vomiting. For example, you may feel nauseated at certain times of the day due to morning sickness . Or you may have nausea at night due to various conditions or medications, after eating, or after cancer treatment .

If you know you're going to be sick, avoid your favorite foods. You could turn yourself off to foods you really like if you eat them before this happens.

Vomiting in Children

The risk of dehydration is greater in infants and children who have been vomiting, especially if they are also have a fever of diarrhea. This is because their bodies are less efficient at conserving water than adults. Also, it takes less fluid loss to lead to dehydration due to their smaller size.

Children can follow the same steps to relieve vomiting as adults. Breastfeeding infants can be given breast milk as part of the liquids-only step.

But caretakers should be on the lookout for signs of dehydration in children, such as:

• Crying without tears
• Less urination/fewer or no wet diapers
• Irritability
• Sunken abdomen, eyes, cheeks, or fontanel (an infant's "soft spot")

If you notice them, contact your child's healthcare provider right away.

Constant Vomiting: When to Worry

Most illnesses that cause vomiting resolve on their own. In some cases, however, vomiting can be a sign of something more serious. See a healthcare provider at once if:

• You think your vomiting is from poisoning.
• You've been vomiting for longer than 24 hours.
• You're throwing up blood , which may be red or maroon in color or may look like coffee grounds.
• You have severe abdominal pain.
• You have a severe headache and stiff neck.
• You have signs of dehydration, including dry mouth, infrequent urination, or dark urine.

Call 911 for severe symptoms such as seizures, confusion, or difficulty remaining conscious. These can be signs of alcohol poisoning in someone who is vomiting due to excessive alcohol intake.

If you are pregnant, severe morning sickness may be a sign of a potentially life-threatening condition called hyperemesis gravidarum . See a healthcare provider if you have dehydration or weight loss of one to two pounds within a week or more.

Call a pediatrician or healthcare provider if:

• Your child has vomiting that doesn't go away after 24 hours or starts again once the child returns to a normal diet
• Your child has vomiting accompanied by fever (over 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit in an infant or over 101 degrees Fahrenheit in a child over six months)
• Your child is vomiting blood or a substance that looks like coffee grounds
• Your child is vomiting yellowish or greenish fluid

Take your child to the hospital if your child vomits after a head injury.

Resting your stomach, sipping small amounts of fluid, and then eating foods that are "safe" for your stomach will help stop vomiting in most cases. If these tips don't provide relief within a day or two, call your healthcare provider, who can check to see if you are dehydrated and advise you on how to proceed.

MedlinePlus. When you have nausea or vomiting .

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Treatment for food poisoning .

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Symptoms of food poisoning .

Shields TM, Lightdale JR. Vomiting in children .  Pediatrics in Review . 2018;39(7):342-358. doi: 10.1542/pir.2017-0053

Seo JH, Shim JO, Choe BH, Moon JS, Kang KS, Chung JY. Management of acute gastroenteritis in children: a survey among members of the Korean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition . Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr . 2019;22(5):431-440. doi:10.5223/pghn.2019.22.5.431

MedlinePlus. Diarrhea in infants .

Lete I, Allué J.  The effectiveness of ginger in the prevention of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy and chemotherapy .  Integr Med Insights . 2016;11:11-17. doi:10.4137/IMI.S36273

Sites DS, Johnson NT, Miller JA, et al.  Controlled breathing with or without peppermint aromatherapy for postoperative nausea and/or vomiting symptom relief: a randomized controlled trial .  J Perianesth Nurs . 2014;29(1):12-19. doi:10.1016/j.jopan.2013.09.008

Jaafarpour M, Hatefi M, Najafi F, Khajavikhan J, Khani A.  The effect of cinnamon on menstrual bleeding and systemic symptoms with primary dysmenorrhea .  Iran Red Crescent Med J . 2015;17(4):e27032. doi:10.5812/ircmj.17(4)2015.27032

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Acupressure for nausea and vomiting .

Hines S, Steels E, Chang A, Gibbons K. Aromatherapy for treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting . Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2018;2018(3):CD007598. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007598.pub3

Vora LK, Gholap AD, Hatvate NT, et al. Essential oils for clinical aromatherapy: a comprehensive review . J Ethnopharmacol . 2024;330:118180. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2024.118180

Elbestawy MKM, El-Sherbiny GM, Moghannem SA. Antibacterial, antibiofilm and anti-inflammatory activities of eugenol clove essential oil against resistant Helicobacter pylori . 2023;28(6):2448. doi:10.3390/molecules28062448

El Mihyaoui A, Esteves da Silva JCG, Charfi S, Candela Castillo ME, Lamarti A, Arnao MB. Chamomile ( Matricaria chamomilla L.): a review of ethnomedicinal use, phytochemistry and pharmacological uses . Life (Basel) . 2022;12(4):479. doi:10.3390/life12040479

Silverman RA, House SL, Meltzer AC, et al. Bimodal release ondansetron for acute gastroenteritis among adolescents and adults: a randomized clinical trial .  JAMA Netw Open . 2019;2(11):e1914988. doi: doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.14988

Nemours Foundation. Reye syndrome .

UCSF Health. Diet modifications for nausea and vomiting .

American Academy of Pediatrics. HealthyChildren.org. Drinks to prevent dehydration when your child is vomiting .

Nemours. KidsHealth. Dehydration .

MedlinePlus. Nausea and vomiting .

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Understanding the dangers of alcohol overdose .

HER Foundation. Do I have morning sickness or HG?

Johns Hopkins Medicine. Vomiting .

American Academy of Family Physicians.  Antiemetic medicines: OTC relief for nausea and vomiting . Updated April 21, 2020.

Raucci U, Borrelli O, Di Nardo G, et al. Cyclic vomiting syndrome in children .  Front Neurol . 2020;11:583425. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.583425

By Kristina Herndon, RN Kristina Herndon, BSN, RN, CPN, has been working in healthcare since 2002. She specializes in pediatrics and disease and infection prevention.  

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3 Simple Tips to Ward Off Travel Constipation and Poop Freely on Vacation

Picture this: Days after you arrive in a beautiful destination, ready to relax and see the sights, you’re stricken with a rumbling stomach, distended belly —and not a poop to be had to relieve any of that. Travel constipation is a real (and annoying) thing, and while the symptoms might not completely ruin your trip, they’ll definitely sap some of the fun.

Diarrhea is famously associated with travel (ever been told not to drink tap water abroad?), but the opposite can be an issue too, Anna Maria Merz, MS, RD, a registered dietitian at the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, tells SELF. The phenomenon is known as traveler’s or travel constipation. (May we suggest “vacation constipation” as a catchier alternative?) Generally speaking, Merz says, the longer you’re away from home, the more likely you are to experience some kind of shift in bowel habits.

Often travel constipation is caused by an altered routine—changes in diet, exercise, and water intake, Samina Qureshi, RDN, LD , the founder of nutrition counseling practice Wholesome Start, tells SELF. Maybe you’re eating out more or trying different kinds of food, which can throw off your stomach. Maybe you’re moving less, which can dull the contractions that propel food and waste through your GI tract, or not drinking enough, which can harden your stool and make it tougher to pass. And if you’re traveling to a different time zone, the shift in circadian rhythm can mess with your bowel habits too.

If all this triggers a twinge of recognition (or stomach cramp), know that you’re not necessarily shit out of luck—a trio of strategies that Merz calls the three F’s has your back. Here’s a primer on overcoming vacation constipation that could save you days of bloating, straining, and spending more time parked on your toilet than seeing the sights.

1. Hydrate in advance.

“Fluids” is the first of the three F’s, since dehydration can exacerbate an already rough stomach situation. The longer waste stays in your colon, the more water leaches out from it, leaving the stuff even harder and drier than it was before, Qureshi says. On the other hand, drinking enough fluids helps everything move along, she says.

So play the preventive game: In the days before traveling, Qureshi suggests making sure you’re adequately hydrated—check your pee, since darker, smellier urine can hint at dehydration —and increasing your fluid intake if you’re not. And, she says, “fluid” doesn’t necessarily have to mean plain water: You can also count tastier drinks like juice or sparkling flavored water, plus hydrating fruits and vegetables like celery, watermelon, cucumbers, and berries. (Sorry, but options like beer, wine, or even a fruity sangria don’t count here, since alcohol is a diuretic.)

And keep it up throughout your trip, starting with your departure. Aim to drink a glass of water or another type of fluid every two hours, totaling about eight eight-ounce servings per day, Benjamin Levy III, MD , a gastroenterologist and clinical associate of medicine at the University of Chicago, tells SELF. One reliable hydration hack: Bringing a refillable water bottle when you’re on the move so you can sip often. Having a broth or something akin to it for lunch or dinner works too. (Bonus points if the dish can count as a cultural experience on its own, like French onion soup in Paris.)

2. Don’t forget the fiber.

It’s the second of the three F’s for good reason: Fiber bulks up the feces forming in your body, which creates “stool that’s easier to pass through the GI tract and also stimulate[s] the urge to go to the bathroom,” Dr. Levy says.

So, as with the H 2 O, try to eat more veggies , fruits, and whole grains before and during a vacay. (Two quick notes: Increasing your fiber intake all of a sudden can itself cause GI issues , so pace yourself at the start. And if you’re visiting countries with unsafe drinking water, make sure the veggies are cooked beforehand, Dr. Levy says.) En route, a banana and some nuts can serve as a nice fiber-rich, travel-friendly snack, as can a few prunes or pieces of kiwi, Dr Levy says.

Once you arrive, make sure to eat breakfast. Even something as small and simple as a bowl of cereal and some fruit, along with a cup of hot tea or coffee, can help “speed up digestive motility,” Dr. Levy says. “We actually call it the ‘gastrocolic reflex,’” he adds, “and it’s a great way to create the urge to go to the bathroom.”

3. Get moving.

Okay, we know “physical activity” technically starts with a p, but it fits phonetically, so we’re calling that the last of the three F’s. Movement promotes peristalsis, the wave of contractions that pushes the contents of your GI tract along, according to Dr. Levy. You don’t need to run a marathon , but exercising in some way, shape, or form is majorly beneficial, Merz says. If you’re on a plane or train, she recommends trying to move around a little every 30 to 60 minutes—walking from one end of the aisle to another, say. “Even getting up and stretching for five minutes can be really helpful,” she says. To hit her travel exercise goals, Merz has even been known to do jumping jacks while pumping gas. Once you get to your destination, consider walking around rather than calling an Uber.

Bottom line: Loading up on fluids, eating plenty of fiber-rich foods, and walking around a lot should prevent or relieve travel constipation for most folks, Dr. Levy says. And if you’ve tried all these measures and still feel blocked? When all else fails, an over-the-counter stool softener or laxative (like Dulcolax, Colace, or MiraLAX) could help clear out the pipes, he says.

• Is It Bad to Hold in Poop?
• Should Your Poop Float or Sink? Here’s Why It Matters
• Do I Need to Change My Tampon When I Poop?

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What It's Like to Live With Emetophobia, a Fear of Nausea

Nausea is an unpleasant experience. There is the action of it, obviously. But for people with an anxiety disorder called emetophobia , the mere thought of vomiting can be downright debilitating. Discussions have been circulating on TikTok, with users sharing their personal stories about the fear of throwing up and how it significantly affects their lives.

In one video , captioned “pov: you’re emetophobic,” a creator picks up french fries one by one, only eating the part her hands didn’t touch. Presumably, to avoid consuming germs…because germs could lead to illness…which could lead to vomiting. In another TikTok , a visibly anxious creator shares that she’d just seen someone throw up on the side of the road, which triggered her own fear of throwing up—and caused her to rethink her hibachi dinner plans that night.

Studies estimate that seven percent of women and two percent of men will experience emetophobia at some point in their lives. The fear of vomiting can drastically interfere with people’s lives, causing them to avoid situations they associate with vomiting or engage in behaviors they think will prevent throwing up. Zachary Appenzeller , PsyD, psychologist and founding director of UTHealth Houston Center for Eating Disorders, says the condition is fairly common in his clinical psychology practice. “When you specialize in treating anxiety and OCD, it’s something that’s more than just a handful of patients,” he tells Allure . “It can be incredibly impairing.”

Read on to learn how emetophobia can negatively affect people’s lives, plus doctor-recommended treatments.

Meet the experts:

• Zachary Appenzeller , PsyD, is a psychologist and founding director of UTHealth Houston Center for Eating Disorders.
• Shmaya Krinsky , PsyD, is a psychologist and founder of Anxiety and Behavioral Health Psychotherapy, a teletherapy clinic
• Ashwini Nadkarni , MD, is an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School.

What is emetophobia?

Emetophobia involves a persistent, impairing fear of throwing up or seeing another person throw up, says Shmaya Krinsky , PsyD, psychologist and founder of Anxiety and Behavioral Health Psychotherapy. “In my mind, it can be one of the most debilitating phobias, because there are so many different triggers,” he says, such as eating out, traveling , seeing someone vomit on TV, or even just hearing someone talk about vomiting.

Appenzeller explains that the phobia often develops after an inciting event that forms a negative thought about throwing up. For example, someone with emetophobia may have vomited once in front of people and felt embarrassed, and then associated vomiting with negative feelings. Or a child may have gotten in trouble for not making it to the bathroom to vomit in their youth, so now they may mentally connect throwing up with feeling scared of an angry parent.

No matter the root cause though, emetophobia can significantly impact people’s well-being. Appenzeller explains people with the condition typically engage in avoidance behaviors to protect themselves from getting sick. Some people with emetophobia avoid situations where they think they could become nauseated, like long car rides or roller coasters. “It’s not always that people think they’re going to throw up, it’s the possibility that it could happen is typically what drives most of the avoidance,” says Appenzeller.

Safety behaviors, like excessive hand washing and disinfecting or carrying around anti-nausea medications, are also a hallmark of emetophobia. Some people only take tiny bites of food or drink water after each bite to avoid nausea. In severe cases, people might limit what foods they eat to prevent vomiting or they may limit their intake as much as possible. Appenzeller says this can result in a type of eating disorder called avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, or ARFID, that can cause malnourishment or severe weight loss. Because of how drastically it can affect people’s mental and physical well-being, the condition can also result in anxiety or depression symptoms.

What it's like living with emetophobia

Everywhere she goes, Claire Busler carries an anti-nausea prescription in her purse—but not because she gets sick a lot. On the contrary: The 32-year-old speech-language pathologist from Bentonville, AR hasn’t thrown up in six years, and she’d like to keep it that way. Even a hint of nausea can set off intense anxiety because Busler dreads the out-of-control feeling that comes with a vomiting episode. Ever since she threw up in public as a kid, she’s had a debilitating fear of vomiting, which she associates with losing control.

Rachel Garcia, a 29-year-old publicist from Atlanta, developed emetophobia after seeing a classmate throw up on a field trip in second grade. Since then, she’s had a panic attack any time she started feeling nauseated. Garcia got sick with COVID-19 a few years ago, and her worst symptoms were gastrointestinal. “The pandemic was already scary, and I ended up in this spiral where I’d panic every day,” she says.

Both Busler and Garcia know what it’s like for emetophobia to disrupt their routines—for example, both have avoided restaurants and potlucks, favoring food they prepare themselves, and they prefer not to eat foods they associate with sickness, like seafood. Busler, who works in a school, says her fear has interfered with her work, too. If she hears a stomach bug is going around—common among her students—she feels paralyzed with anxiety. “I have a recurring nightmare that my coworker or partner has it, and then I’m exposed,” says Busler.

How can you treat emetophobia?

If the fear of nausea or vomiting is debilitating, it may be time to seek out professional support from a therapist. While avoiding throwing up might feel comforting in the moment, Appenzeller says it actually reinforces the fear, potentially making emetophobia worse. For that reason, one of the best treatments for phobias is a type of cognitive-behavioral therapy called exposure response prevention (ERP), which Krinsky says involves “putting people in situations that are distressing to them and preventing them from engaging in safety behaviors.” Over time, exposing yourself to the object of the phobia can reduce anxiety by desensitizing people to their fears, explains Ashwini Nadkarni , MD, assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School.

One study found addressing the underlying trauma with a type of therapy called eye movement desensitization therapy (EMDR) may also help, but the majority of research on phobias (and specifically emetophobia) is about cognitive behavioral therapy, which focuses more on addressing thoughts and behaviors. Studies show cognitive behavioral therapy (and specifically ERP) can lead to significant symptom reduction.

In the case of emetophobia, someone might simply say the word “vomit” or imagine themselves throwing up. Then, over time, they’d engage in more triggering behaviors, like going on a car ride or eating at a restaurant. In extreme cases where it’s medically appropriate—for example, if a person doesn’t have an eating disorder or another medical condition—a therapist might encourage someone to actually throw up as part of ERP.

Exposure therapy should be done in a careful, supportive way, which is why it’s a very systematic process (and why it’s important to see a therapist who’s trained in this therapy). “There’s a process where you create a hierarchy of all the different triggers and rate them on a scale of perceived distress,” says Krinsky. “You don’t want to start too easy or too hard, or you’ll burn them out and they might quit. You want to help them be successful and slowly work their way up.”

It’s also important to note that emetophobia is an anxiety disorder —and Nadkarni says it can coexist alongside other mental conditions, such as major depressive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. “Medication management can also be helpful in reducing the intensity of the fear response and level of anxiety someone may be experiencing,” she says.

Not all therapists treat phobias, especially emetophobia. Some might not be trained in therapies that help with phobias, and others might not be comfortable addressing vomiting in sessions. Look for a therapist who specifically treats anxiety disorders (which includes phobias), and in your initial consultation, ask if the potential therapist is open to or has experience treating emetophobia.

What has helped people recover from emetophobia?

After her COVID-19 experience, Garcia decided to seek out exposure therapy for her anxiety, which she says helped her realize her worst thoughts aren’t always true. She’s also taken a daily medication for her anxiety and panic, which she says has helped. Garcia is currently pregnant—something she used to fear due to the possibility of morning sickness. She did get sick once in her first trimester, but Garcia says that was an exposure in and of itself. “I’ve learned that just because I feel sick doesn’t mean I’m in imminent danger,” she says.

Busler’s symptoms tend to ebb and flow. Right now, she’s doing better—she hasn’t taken anti-nausea medication in months—but she recognizes the importance of seeking support for her mental health and is open to seeing a therapist if it begins interfering with her life again.

While emetophobia can be difficult to live with, as Garcia and Busler can attest to, it’s also treatable—as with any anxiety disorder. “You don’t have to be in therapy for years to be able to be treated,” Krinsky says. “Notice, and then take that step to reach out.”

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Screen Rant

Terminator’s time travel rules finally make sense (it only took 40 years).

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Terminator Zero Cast & Character Guide

New terminator series' rotten tomatoes score ties for franchise best with original movie, how the new terminator show connects to the franchise explained by creator: “i don’t need to negate anything”.

Warning: Spoilers ahead for Terminator Zero.

Terminator Zero offers a simple yet effective explanation for how the Terminator franchise’s time travel works. Set in 1997 hours before Judgment Day, Terminator Zero ’s timeline ties into the first two movies but takes the story in a very different direction. While most Terminator movies and TV shows take place in their own continuity, one recurring aspect of the franchise is the confusing time travel rules. Time travel is arguably paradoxical by definition, but Terminator hasn’t always made an effort to avoid plot holes when it comes to its alternate futures and pasts.

Terminator Zero also takes place in 2022 at the height of the human-machine war. Similar to the original movies, both Skynet and the Resistance are about to send agents to the past. This time, however, Skynet and humanity have somewhat of a common enemy – Kokoro. The artificial intelligence created by Malcolm Lee will become more powerful than Skynet at some point, which is why both the Terminator and Eiko want to destroy it. Toward the end of Terminator Zero , we learn how Eiko was prepared for her time travel mission, and what she was told about how it all works.

Terminator Zero, Netflix's sci-fi action anime series set within the Terminator universe, introduces a new cast of characters to the franchise.

Terminator Zero Perfectly Explains Terminator’s Time Travel Rules

The prophet confirmed every change to the past creates a branched timeline.

Before Eiko was sent from 2022 to 1997, she had a conversation with the Prophet, an important figure within the Resistance. The Prophet was to prepare Eiko for her time travel mission and started by asking the soldier if she had ever been to the past. Once Eiko answered “Not that I know of,” the Prophet pointed out how this was a paradox by itself. The Prophet then explained that, whenever someone goes back in time, a new timeline is created. In other words, the future Eiko knew it would no longer exist for her once she traveled through time.

A version of Eiko had a son in 2024, Malcolm, who grew up during the war and eventually went back in time.

The Prophet told Eiko that, while people tend to perceive time as a line, it’s actually a much more unstable entity with countless ramifications. Every time someone goes back in time – be they a resistance soldier tasked with saving Sarah Connor or a Skynet Terminator sent to kill John – the timeline they knew is written out of existence, and a new one is born. Eiko grew up in a world decimated by the war between Kokoro and Skynet, and her mission was to prevent Malcolm Lee from ever activating his A.I.

Why Terminator’s Time Travel Has Always Been So Confusing

Terminator didn’t always think its time travel plot through.

The problem with Terminator ’s time travel is that it was not always consistent, from the technicalities of how the machine works to the timeline implications of soldiers and Terminator s being sent to the past. The entire plot of The Terminator is based on a paradox – Kyle Reese is sent by John Connor to protect Sarah, falls in love with her, and becomes John’s father. While The Terminator ’s paradox was part of the movie’s story, the franchise’s time travel rules continued to get more confusing with each entry.

The Terminator plays with the idea that time is a closed loop and that Skynet’s mission to kill Sarah is exactly what leads her and Kyle to have a son who grows up to become the leader of the Resistance. However, in Terminator 2: Judgment Day , the heroes ultimately change history by avoiding – or postponing, according to Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines – Judgment Day. T2 also doesn’t properly explain from which version future the T-1000 and the new T-800 come, an issue that every other Terminator movie would also have.

Terminator Zero’s Time Travel Rules Work (And Make The Movies Better)

Terminator zero’s time travel makes just enough sense for it to work.

The best, most consistent way of looking at the Terminator franchise is by accepting that time travel creates alternate timelines. While this was never a well-defined general rule in the franchise, it is arguably the only way of making everything work. Now, not only has Terminator Zero made the alternate timeline explanation canon, but it also spent a few minutes explaining it. Inconsistent time travel rules didn’t get in the way of T2 being a fantastic movie , but it’s good that Terminator Zero made an effort in that regard.

There have been very few proper sequels in the Terminator franchise, as most entries after T2 have tried to course-correct (...)

Terminator Zero ’s alternate timelines explanation also works from a behind-the-scenes standpoint. There have been very few proper sequels in the Terminator franchise, as most entries after T2 have tried to course-correct and ended up cherry-picking which movies they were going to consider canon. Rise of the Machines was a direct sequel to Terminator 2 , but it was ignored by The Sarah Connor Chronicles . Terminator: Salvation moved Judgment Day to a later date compared to T2 ; Terminator Genisys introduced an all-new timeline, and Terminator : Dark Fate ignored everything that had come out after T2 .

Terminator Zero (2024)

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A covert team is tasked with preventing a future dominated by sentient machines. As they battle advanced androids and uncover hidden agendas, they strive to alter the course of history, facing moral dilemmas and high-stakes conflicts in a race against time.

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TSA readies for busiest Labor Day travel period on record, provides top travel tips to help airline passengers prepare

WASHINGTON — The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) is prepared to screen more than 17 million people during what is expected to be the busiest Labor Day travel period on record, which will run Thursday, August 29 through Wednesday, September 4. The peak travel day is projected to be August 30, when TSA expects to screen 2.86 million people.

Air travel volumes this summer are the highest the agency has seen in its history. The agency expects passenger volumes to be 8.5 percent higher than last year during this time, and has already screened 239.8 million people since Memorial Day weekend, which is an average of  2.7 million per day. The top ten busiest travel days in the agency’s history have all occurred this year since May 2024. The agency reached a new milestone on July 7, when Transportation Security Officers (TSOs) screened more than 3 million people in a single day.

“People are traveling more than ever this summer and TSA along with our airline and airport partners stand ready to close the busiest summer travel period on record during this upcoming Labor Day weekend,” said TSA Administrator David Pekoske. “I commend our vigilant workforce, from our TSOs on the front lines at airport security checkpoints across the country to those behind the scenes, working hard to keep the transportation system secure—especially as we continue to roll out new checkpoint technology that improves security effectiveness, efficiency, and the passenger experience.”

TSA is staffed to meet its wait time standards, which are 10 minutes and under in TSA PreCheck® lanes and 30 minutes and under in standard screening lanes. With this increase in travel volumes, TSA recommends airline passengers travel with ease by enrolling in the TSA PreCheck Trusted Traveler Program , where members do not need to remove shoes, belts, 3-1-1 liquids, laptops, food items, and light jackets at the checkpoint. TSA PreCheck members are reminded to make sure their Known Traveler Number (KTN) is in their airline reservation so it appears on their boarding pass.

REAL ID will go into effect in less than nine months, starting May 7, 2025. Airline passengers will soon need a REAL ID-compliant form of identification when flying. If the driver’s license is not REAL ID-compliant, they must have another form of acceptable identification, such as a U.S. passport. REAL ID driver’s licenses and identification cards have a small star in the upper right corner indicating they meet federal regulations that establish minimum security standards.

Check out TSA’s top travel tips for an efficient and successful trip through security.

‘Sloth fever’ in Florida? Oropouche cases are linked to Cuba. Here’s what to know.

• Michelle Marchante Miami Herald (TNS)

More than a dozen Floridians who traveled to Cuba this year were infected with Oropouche, a virus known as “sloth fever” and spread mainly by tiny biting flies and some mosquitoes, state data shows.

Florida has recorded 30 Oropouche infections this year, and Miami-Dade County has the most confirmed cases. State health officials say all of the infections are considered to be associated with travel to Cuba, which is experiencing an Oropouche outbreak.

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has Cuba under a health travel notice, and is cautioning travelers to take enhanced precautions to reduce their risk of bug bites.

Ten of the infections were reported during the week of Aug. 18-24, just a few days after the CDC issued a health advisory, asking doctors to consider testing sick people who recently traveled to countries where the disease is known to be spreading.

Here’s what to know about Oropouche:

How do people get sick with Oropouche?

Oropouche is spread to people by the bite of infected “biting midges,” which are tiny biting flies that are sometimes called “no-see-ums,” though some mosquitoes can also spread the disease, according to the CDC.

While infected people can’t spread the disease to others, there is “limited data from Brazil” that suggests there’s a possible risk pregnant women can transfer the virus to their baby, and that the virus could lead to complications including stillbirths and birth defects, the CDC says.

Countries with an Oropouche outbreak

More than 8,000 confirmed cases of Oropouche have been reported this year from countries in the Americas, according to the World Health Organization. The virus, which is endemic to the Amazon and was identified nearly 70 years ago, has spread outside the region and has been  linked to human deaths  for the first time, according to Nature.

While most of the cases have been reported in Brazil, people have also been infected in Bolivia, Colombia, Peru and Cuba. The CDC has a  travel health notice  for South America and is asking travelers to take “usual precautions” to prevent bug bites and reduce risk of infection. Pregnant travelers should speak with their doctor about travel plans and precautions.

The federal public health agency has put Cuba under a  travel health notice , and is asking travelers going to the island to take extra precautions to reduce their risk of infection. “Pregnant people should reconsider non-essential travel to Cuba.”

Where have Oropouche cases in Florida been reported?

Florida has confirmed 30 cases of Oropouche, or “sloth fever,” this year, and 14 of the cases were in Miami-Dade County, according to the state’s most recent mosquito surveillance report. That’s nearly half of the reported cases.

Other counties that have reported cases include Broward, Duval, Hillsborough, Lee, Orange, Palm Beach, Pasco, Polk and Sarasota.

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The Florida Department of Health says all of the cases were associated with travel to Cuba. The U.S. has also confirmed a case in New York that is associated with travel to Cuba.

Oropouche symptoms

Oropouche symptoms are similar to other mosquito-borne illnesses such as dengue, making it impossible to know if someone is infected with Oropouche unless they get tested.

Symptoms include fever, severe headache, nausea, vomiting, chills and muscle aches. Some people might also get a rash, pain behind the eyes and feel sensitivity to light, according to the CDC.

“Symptoms typically start 3-10 days after being bitten and last 3-6 days,” and most people recover, according to the agency. Some people can get seriously ill.

The CDC is recommending people who experience any of these symptoms during or within two weeks of travel to affected countries to “seek medical care immediately,” tell their doctor where they traveled and to take steps to prevent bug bites to reduce the risk of spreading the illness. Health officials say people should also avoid taking aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen to reduce the risk of bleeding.

Tips to reduce risk

There are no vaccines or medications to treat Oropouche. For people planning to travel to countries where Oropouche infections are occurring, health officials recommend  taking steps  to reduce the risk of bug bites. The tips are similar to how to reduce your risk of mosquito bites:

• Use an Environmental Protection Agency-registered insect repellent that is labeled for flies, biting flies or Culicoides (biting midges, punkies, granny nippers, and no-see-ums). The repellents should contain DEET, IR3535 or icaridin, according to the Pan American Health Organization.
• Wear protective clothing, such as long-sleeved shirts, pants and socks.
• Protect your home or lodging with “fine mesh mosquito nets on doors and windows, as well as beds and furniture where people rest. ... As midges are much smaller than mosquitoes,  traditional mosquito nets  will not protect against their bites,” according to the Pan American Health Organization.

©2024 Miami Herald. Visit miamiherald.com. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency LLC.

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My family's been to 44 states by car. It was nice, but now we pick train travel because it's superior in many ways.

• After taking road trips throughout the US, I tried traveling by Amtrak train instead. 
• My experiences on the rails have been comfortable and hassle-free, albeit not the most efficient.
• Trains aren't the answer for every trip, but I've begun to incorporate them into more of my travels.

Ahead of my family vacation to California, I dreamed of cruising down the Pacific Coast Highway . There was just one problem: My son suffered from terrible car sickness. 

To avoid scrubbing vomit out of a rental car's upholstery, I booked tickets on the Amtrak Coast Starlight from Oakland to Santa Barbara.

The smooth, nine-hour journey offered all of the magnificent ocean views I would've wanted to see on the road trip, with none of the upset stomachs.

Since that trip, my son has found ways to manage his car sickness, and we've successfully traveled to 44 states by car. But there's a host of reasons my family is still choosing to return to rail travel .

Many Amtrak trains offer scenic views of some of the country's most beautiful locales.

When it comes to spectacular views , there's a lot to see from train windows. 

Though not all of Amtrak's routes pass idyllic settings, some journey through the US' most beautiful landscapes. I've enjoyed gazing at vineyards, mountains, harbor seals, and more on my rail travels. 

Many Amtrak trains, including the Coast Starlight, have observation cars with giant picture windows designed with sightseeing in mind.

As someone who's generally the designated driver on road trips , I savor the ability to sit back and take in the stunning scenery without the fear of taking my eyes off the road for too long.

Some trains also stop in underrated destinations I wouldn't have otherwise visited.

Amtrak offers picturesque long-haul journeys through the Rockies , the American Southwest, and beyond.

The prospect of gazing at snowcapped mountains and soaring red-rock formations is exciting, but these journeys also offer a compelling opportunity to stop and explore less-touted areas along the way — ones that I probably wouldn't go out of my way to visit otherwise.

Though some of the highlights from my road trips have been stumbling upon hidden gems in locales often labeled as flyover states (like spots in the US' heartland), driving through the Midwest's flatlands can feel like a bit of a slog.

However, I find stretches of farmland infinitely more charming when I view them out of a train window instead of a car dashboard.

Depending on the itinerary and season, traveling by train can be more affordable than driving.

Between gas prices and rental-car charges, road trips can be expensive ventures.

When it comes to Amtrak trains, you can expect to pay a premium for a private room in a sleeping car or a coveted last-minute ticket. However, you can usually find reasonably priced tickets with some advance planning.

On a trip my family took from New York to Pennsylvania, all three of our tickets for the Amtrak Keystone Service cost me a total of $47.50 — an absolute steal considering our trip fell during a peak travel period.

In many major cities, I probably would've paid the same amount for a few hours of parking. 

I feel safer traveling by train than by car, especially in poor weather conditions.

It gives me peace of mind to know that taking a train is statistically safer than driving a car . Plus, Amtrak has a lot of safety standards in place .

Though I feel confident in my driving abilities, I prefer not to be behind the wheel in certain situations, like when I have to navigate Manhattan streets or battle icy road conditions.

Trains are usually less impacted by weather, making them a solid transportation option in less-than-ideal conditions.

Amtrak's seats feel wider and more comfortable than the ones in most cars.

It's no surprise that traveling can make you feel a bit cramped, especially if you're constricted to a car seat for a long drive.

Regardless of how I travel, I'm always very eager to reach my destination and stretch my legs. In my experience, I've found that even the most bare-bones Amtrak trains offer wider seats than I've seen in most cars and a reasonable amount of legroom.

The trains' observation and dining cars are a real treat for my family since they allow us to enjoy peaceful moments, play a rousing game, or simply take advance of the freedom that comes with not being strapped in one place.

Rail journeys give me time and space to work, spend time with family, and rest.

Train travel isn't always the fastest way to reach my destination, but I've found that it's the mode of transportation that gives me the most time to be productive .

As someone who works remotely, trains are the perfect place to multitask and catch up on my to-do list, something I can't accomplish as easily in cars.

I can't use my computer while driving, and attempting to do so in the passenger seat makes me queasy. However, traveling by train gives me an easy way to finish work, help my son with his homework, read a book, or take a nap.

Trains aren't the right option for every trip, but I look forward to incorporating more of them in my future travels.

Amtrak trains have provided a lot of benefits for my family, but like any mode of transportation, they come with their own set of downsides. Trains, especially long-haul ones, are known to be plagued with delays. So you do have to pack some patience and be flexible. 

The routes Amtrak offers can also be limiting and inconvenient, with the journey between some destinations requiring multiple train changes that take you hundreds of miles and many hours out of the way.

I've decided that they're a great way for my family to travel in addition to road trips, but not in place of them.

I adore the spontaneity and impulsiveness that come with traveling by car  and wouldn't trade the experience of pulling off the road to explore a quirky roadside attraction or stop for fresh baked goods at a local vendor's stand. 

I'm already plotting future trips and can't wait to see what's ahead on the rails and the road.

This story was originally published on May 11, 2023, and most recently updated on August 30, 2024.

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August 29, 2024 | Chris DeFrancesco '94 (CLAS) - UConn Health

Monitoring Mysterious ‘Sloth Fever’

Dr. Kevin Dieckhaus offers insight on oropouche virus from UConn Health’s International Traveler’s Medical Service

(Adobe Stock)

Historically limited to small outbreaks in Central and South America, the oropouche virus is spreading to new places, including now the United States and Europe.

Of note, cases of the mosquito-borne illness also known as “sloth fever” have been reported in Florida and New York, associated with travel. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported Aug. 27 of more than 800,000 confirmed cases in Central and South America so far this year, including two deaths.

Relative to other viruses, little is known about oropouche, which first was identified in Trinidad and Tobago in 1955. Dr. Kevin Dieckhaus , chief of the Division of Infectious Diseases and director of the International Traveler’s Medical Service at UConn Health, shares what he knows about the oropouche virus as of late August.

What makes the oropouche virus a concern today?

In 2023 it spread to new areas including Cuba. The current concern is due to an increase in cases seen in Latin America, including Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, and Peru. Several cases in travelers returning from Cuba have appeared in the United States, however UConn Health has not yet identified anyone infected with oropouche virus.

There are currently no vaccines or antiviral therapies available. Testing is available through the CDC.

How likely is it that enough people could bring this back to the U.S. to make it problematic?

This virus is typically transmitted via the bite of several types of mosquitoes or midges (“no-see-ums”). The typical hosts are animals including the three-toed sloth, hence the name “sloth fever,” nonhuman primates, and birds. Although the continental United States is thought to have an ecology that is unlikely to support ongoing transmission, there is concern in the southern states and the U.S. territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands that the virus could become established if introduced. The virus is not known to be transmitted person-to-person by other means such as direct contact or respiratory routes.

What else makes this potentially worrisome?

Oropouche infection leads to an illness that may be similar to other vector-borne viral illnesses such as Zika, dengue, and chikungunya. Forty percent of people may develop no symptoms at all. For those who do develop clinical illness, typically symptoms include nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, eye pain, and rash. It may also impact the central nervous system, causing meningitis or encephalitis, or cause bleeding complications. There have recently been reports of pregnant women transmitting the virus to their fetus, leading to stillbirth or birth defects, similar to what was experienced with Zika virus. The CDC and World Health Organization are working to identify the degree of risk to pregnant women and travelers to these areas.

How do we treat someone infected with the oropouche virus?

Management is typically focused on symptom relief, anti-fever medications, analgesics, rest, and fluids. Although classically a self-limited disease with good recovery, many cases will have a rebound of symptoms after initial recovery, and some fatalities have now been reported.

We should point out that dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and malaria all may present with similar symptoms and share a similar geography. It is important to have a complete medical evaluation to assess which of these many conditions may be contributing to any suspected illness, as treatment will need to be tailored to the specific infection. For example, because dengue virus disease can mimic this illness, the use of aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which can potentially complicate dengue, should be avoided until dengue is ruled out.

What do we still need to learn about the oropouche virus that could help us deal with it locally, if it comes to that?

Understanding that the oropouche virus epidemic is an evolving situation, health messaging regarding prevention, diagnosis, health impacts, travel-related safety, potential impacts on pregnancy, and therapies are all likely to change as more information becomes available.

At this time, there is no known local transmission of this virus in the United States. Understanding the transmission cycle of this virus is critical to designing preventive measures, should it be introduced into local insect vectors. As an insect-borne disease, use of personal insect prevention with FDA-approved repellents, environmental spraying of insecticides and reduction of mosquito and midge breeding environments could be implemented. This is similar to current strategies for managing other mosquito-borne viral illness that are present in our environment such as West Nile virus and Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) virus.

What do/would you tell patients in your traveler’s clinic about this?

The International Traveler’s Medical Service keeps abreast of ongoing and developing situations that may affect international travelers. This typically includes potential infectious diseases but also issues related to safety and security, infrastructure and geopolitical risks. Travelers to the oropouche-endemic areas including the Caribbean, Central, and South America are provided education on disease prevention including, in this case, prevention of mosquito and midge bites.

Based on recent reports of maternal-to-fetal transmission and adverse birth outcomes, women who are pregnant or potentially could become pregnant should be particularly vigilant in employing insect precautions while traveling to the Caribbean, South and Central America. Therefore we also would discuss travelers’ individual risks regarding pregnancy and travel to these areas.

What should folks take into consideration when traveling to, or receiving visitors from, South America, Central America, or the Caribbean?

Travelers to affected areas should employ prevention measures through covering of skin through long sleeves and pants and use of repellents such as DEET or picaridin-based skin applications. Travelers to Cuba should be particularly vigilant with insect borne precautions due to a recent increase in cases there. Pregnant travelers may consider deferring travel to risk areas for now given the evolving concerns for potential impacts on the fetus.

Anyone returning to the United States from an area with oropouche transmission should continue to actively prevent insect bites for an additional three weeks in order to limit any potential introduction of the virus into local insect populations.

Learn more about the International Traveler’s Medical Service at UConn Health.

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Whooping Cough Is Coming Back

Cases dropped during the pandemic, but are now climbing once more. Here’s what to know.

By Dani Blum

After a yearslong lull thanks to Covid-19 precautions like isolation and distancing, whooping cough cases are now climbing back to levels seen before the pandemic, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

So far this year, there have been 10,865 cases of whooping cough, or pertussis, nationwide. That’s more than triple the number of cases documented by this time last year, and is also higher than what was seen at this time in 2019. Doctors say these estimates are most likely an undercount, as many people may not realize they have whooping cough and therefore are never tested.

The pandemic delayed routine childhood vaccinations , including those that protect against whooping cough, and led to fewer pregnant women getting vaccinated. Those factors have likely contributed to the current uptick in cases, said Dr. William Schaffner, an infectious disease specialist at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Pertussis cases tend to peak in the summer and fall, he said, and so it’s particularly critical to be aware of the disease now, as children head back to school and respiratory illnesses pick up.

What are the symptoms?

The disease can cause sneezing, a runny nose, fever, watery eyes and fierce fits of coughing. Occasionally, these coughing spells can restrict breathing so intensely that people’s lips, tongues and nailbeds can turn blue from lack of oxygen.

Ideally, people would get tested when their symptoms are mild and they haven’t developed a cough, but it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish between run-of-the-mill sniffles and the start of pertussis, said Dr. Aaron Milstone, a pediatric infectious disease specialist at the Johns Hopkins Children’s Center.

“Adults are having pertussis all the time, but they’re not being recognized as pertussis,” said Dr. James Cherry, a distinguished professor of pediatrics at the David Geffen School of Medicine at U.C.L.A. who has studied whooping cough. “Only a very small percentage of them ever get diagnosed.”

Doctors can take nasal swabs and run lab tests to diagnose the condition.

Infants are most at risk for getting seriously sick, particularly in their first months. They gasp for breath — the telltale “whoop ” — between fits of coughing. Adults can also develop a violent cough that can come on “while you’re eating, while you’re sleeping,” Dr. Schaffner said. In severe cases, he said, people can faint from struggling to breathe or break ribs from coughing so intensely.

How does it spread?

Pertussis spreads easily when infected people sneeze or cough, and those around them breathe in tiny particles that contain bacteria. “Cough etiquette is just such a fundamental,” Dr. Milstone said. Cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze, and, because contaminated droplets can land on surfaces, wash your hands frequently.

People can be contagious for around a day before their symptoms start, and for up to three weeks after they start coughing, he said.

How do you treat whooping cough?

Doctors typically prescribe antibiotics, but people need to take them in the first three weeks of an infection. Antibiotics might shorten symptoms if people take the medication before a cough starts. But once you have a cough, “treatment doesn’t actually make that cough go away any faster,” Dr. Milstone said. “But it makes you contagious for a lot less time.”

People who get seriously sick from whooping cough may end up in the hospital, but most people can manage symptoms at home. Doctors often recommend people drink plenty of fluids to avoid becoming dehydrated, and use a humidifier to loosen mucus and ease coughs.

Pertussis is sometimes referred to as “the hundred-day cough” — and doctors say there’s some truth to that name. Even with treatment, symptoms can persist for weeks or even months.

“This is one where prevention really is worth a whole lot more than treatment,” Dr. Schaffner said.

How can you protect yourself?

The vaccines that protect against pertussis also protect against diphtheria and tetanus. The shots are widely considered safe and effective. Among children who have received all their doses on schedule, 98 percent are fully protected from pertussis a year after their last shot, and around 71 percent are fully protected five years after their last dose.

Health officials recommend women be vaccinated during every pregnancy. The vaccine produces antibodies that are transferred to the fetus ; this will protect newborns before they are old enough to get their first dose as part of routine vaccinations, at 2 months old. “By vaccinating pregnant women, you can prevent virtually all deaths from pertussis,” Dr. Cherry said. Research shows vaccination during pregnancy prevents roughly 78 percent of pertussis cases and about 90 percent of hospitalizations in infants younger than 2 months.

Anyone who is around a newborn — grandparents, babysitters, nannies — should be up-to-date on their vaccination, said Dr. Sean O’Leary, a professor of pediatrics-infectious diseases at the University of Colorado School of Medicine.

The C.D.C. recommends additional doses throughout early childhood, with five doses total by age 6, as well as a booster dose starting at age 11.

Adults 19 and older should get another shot every 10 years, health officials say. Technically, this can be a shot that protects against tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis, or a shot that just protects against tetanus and diphtheria. But Dr. Milstone said he recommended getting the shot that protects against all three, to minimize the risk of getting sick with whooping cough or spreading the disease to vulnerable infants.

Immunity wanes over time, with some estimates showing that the vaccines become less effective after a few years .

If you’re not sure if you’ve been vaccinated, or how long it’s been since your last vaccine, ask your health provider or try checking local or regional immunization registries , which keep records of some shots.

If you are an adult who has never been vaccinated, the C.D.C. says you should get a dose as soon as possible.

Dani Blum is a health reporter for The Times. More about Dani Blum

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