siegfried's heroes journey

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Norse Mythology Sigurd: The Legendary Hero and Dragon Slayer

The Sigurd of Norse mythology is a legendary hero known for his epic adventures and valor. He is famous for slaying the fearsome dragon Fafnir and acquiring the coveted Nibelung treasure.

The story of Sigurd can be found in various Norse and Germanic sagas, including the Völsunga Saga and the Nibelungenlied. This mythical figure has also left a significant impact on art, literature, and even opera, with Richard Wagner’s operas depicting his heroic exploits.

The origins and variations of the Sigurd myth continue to captivate scholars, sparking debates about the historical and mythical aspects of this legendary character.

Content of this Article

The Legend of Sigurd in Norse Mythology

The legend of Sigurd, a prominent figure in Norse mythology, encompasses tales of heroic exploits, dragon slaying, and epic quests.

Sigurd emerges as a legendary hero, celebrated for his exceptional prowess and courage in the face of adversity.

Sigurd: A Mythological Hero

Sigurd embodies the archetype of a mythological hero in Norse lore. Renowned for his valor and noble lineage as the son of the wise King Sigmund, Sigurd embarks on a remarkable journey filled with trials and tribulations.

He symbolizes the epitome of heroism, exemplifying virtues such as strength, bravery, and integrity.

The Dragonslayer: Sigurd vs Fafnir

One of the most iconic episodes in Sigurd’s legend is his fearless encounter with the fearsome dragon, Fafnir . Armed with the mighty sword Gram, forged by the legendary smith Regin, Sigurd engages in a battle of epic proportions.

With his indomitable spirit and strategic cunning, Sigurd triumphs over the monstrous creature, establishing his reputation as a dragonslayer.

The Nibelung Treasure and Sigurd’s Quest

The acquisition of the Nibelung treasure forms an integral part of Sigurd’s journey. This legendary hoard, guarded by two feuding brothers, becomes the focal point of Sigurd’s quest. He navigates treacherous obstacles and displays unwavering determination to claim the coveted riches.

Sigurd’s quest for the Nibelung treasure showcases his relentless pursuit of glory and his willingness to confront any challenge in his path.

In summary, the legend of Sigurd in Norse mythology depicts him as a mythological hero, renowned for his heroic exploits, legendary dragonslaying, and relentless pursuit of the Nibelung treasure.

Sigurd’s tales embody the timeless themes of heroism, adventure, and triumph in the face of adversity.

The Epic Sagas: Völsunga Saga and the Nibelungenlied

The epic sagas of Völsunga Saga and the Nibelungenlied present captivating renditions of Sigurd’s legendary exploits. These sagas, originating from Norse and Germanic traditions, offer two distinctive perspectives on the hero’s glorious adventures.

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Völsunga Saga: The Norse Version

Völsunga Saga, an ancient Norse saga, recounts the heroic tale of Sigurd with rich detail. It traces his lineage, from his father Sigmund, a venerable king, to his upbringing under the care of Regin, son of Hreidmar.

The saga delves into Sigurd’s quest to retrieve the precious Nibelung treasure, his slaying of the fearsome dragon Fafnir , and his discovery of newfound powers from consuming the dragon’s blood.

It also explores Sigurd’s encounters with Brynhild, highlighting the themes of love, betrayal, and the tragic consequences that ensue.

Nibelungenlied: The German Adaptation

The Nibelungenlied, a German adaptation of Sigurd’s saga, offers a distinct rendition of his heroic endeavors. Here, Sigurd is known as Siegfried, and his journey intertwines with the Burgundian court. The narrative revolves around the conflict between his wife, Kriemhild, and Brunhild, another woman he marries under false pretenses.

The saga vividly portrays Siegfried’s slaying of the dragon and subsequent possession of the mighty Nibelung treasure, along with the political disputes and tragic events that transpire as a result.

Parallels and Differences in the Sagas

• The Norse Völsunga Saga provides a more comprehensive account of Sigurd’s lineage and his divine ancestry as a descendant of Odin . The saga places significant emphasis on Sigurd’s interactions with various gods and supernatural beings.
• On the other hand, the German Nibelungenlied focuses more on the political and social dynamics within the Burgundian court, highlighting the conflicts between characters and illustrating the tragic consequences of their actions.

Despite these variations, both sagas depict Sigurd/Siegfried as a valiant hero, placing him in extraordinary circumstances, battling fearsome foes, and confronting the challenges of love, betrayal, and destiny.

Sigurd in Art and Literature

Exploring the artistic and literary portrayals of Sigurd provides a captivating glimpse into the enduring fascination with this legendary hero. From Richard Wagner’s operas to German and Scandinavian literary works, Sigurd’s heroic feats have captured the imagination of artists and authors throughout history.

Let’s dive into the various facets of Sigurd’s presence in art and literature:

Richard Wagner’s Operas: Siegfried and Götterdämmerung

Richard Wagner, the renowned German composer, immortalized Sigurd’s story in his operatic masterpieces. The operas “Siegfried” and “Götterdämmerung” vividly portray the epic adventures and tragic fate of the Norse hero. Wagner’s compositions brought Sigurd’s valiant spirit and mythical universe to life on the opera stage, solidifying his place as a central figure in the realm of music and performance.

Sigurd in German and Scandinavian Literary Works

Beyond Wagner’s operas, Sigurd’s legend has also found its way into the pages of German and Scandinavian literature. Works such as the Völsunga Saga, the Poetic Edda, and various medieval Germanic texts explore different aspects of Sigurd’s story.

These literary renditions delve into his heroic journey, his encounters with legendary figures, and the triumphs and tragedies that shape his destiny.

Sigurd’s Cultural Influence and Nationalistic Associations

The influence of Sigurd extends beyond artistic expressions. His character and myth have been embraced by Germanic cultures, forging connections between nationalism, heritage, and identity. During the 19th and 20th centuries, Sigurd, particularly through Wagner’s operas, became intertwined with German nationalism, with interpretations utilizing his tale to evoke a sense of Germanic pride and ideals.

In summary, Sigurd’s presence in art and literature has cemented his status as an iconic figure in Norse and Germanic mythology. Wagner’s operas brought his legend to the stage, while literary works expanded upon the various facets of his heroic journey.

Additionally, Sigurd’s myth has been linked to cultural identity and nationalistic sentiments, further highlighting his enduring impact on Germanic traditions.

• Sigurd’s portrayal in Richard Wagner’s operas immortalizes his myth through music and performance.
• German and Scandinavian literary works like the Völsunga Saga and the Poetic Edda offer diverse perspectives on Sigurd’s heroic exploits.
• Sigurd’s myth has been associated with German nationalism, emphasizing its cultural and heritage significance.

Exploring the Origins and Variations of the Sigurd Myth

As we delve into the captivating world of Norse mythology and the legendary hero Sigurd, we are presented with a rich tapestry of ancestral heritage and intriguing variations within the saga.

Let’s explore the origins and key aspects that shape the fascinating story of Sigurd.

Sigurd’s Ancestry and Family Background

In understanding Sigurd’s origins, we trace his lineage back to his father, Sigmund, a wise and esteemed king. The tale unfolds as Sigmund pursues a beautiful princess, choosing him as her husband.

However, this union sparks the ire of King Lyngvi, leading to a siege on Sigmund and his lands. Though Sigmund meets his demise, his pregnant wife, Hjordis, finds refuge with King Alf.

Regin and the Forging of the Sword Gram

Under the patronage of King Alf, Sigurd is raised by Regin, the son of Hreidmar, at the royal court. It is Regin who suggests the audacious quest for the treasure guarded by the dragon Fafnir , who was once a man and Regin’s brother.

Seeking a suitable sword, Sigurd eventually wields the legendary Gram, a weapon with a storied past passed down through the Volsungs.

Sigurd’s Encounter with Brynhild

As Sigurd embarks on his heroic journey, he becomes entangled in the tale of two powerful women. One of them is the valiant Brynhild, with whom Sigurd falls deeply in love.

Their destinies intertwine, but their union faces challenges and conflicts that will leave lasting consequences on the course of the saga.

Interpretations and Controversies Surrounding the Saga

Throughout literary history, the Sigurd myth has stirred interpretations and controversies among scholars. Discussions continue to this day regarding the mythical or historical nature of Sigurd and Brynhild’s story, adding a layer of intrigue to the mythology.

Experts delve into the saga’s symbolism, archetypes, and overarching themes, shedding light on the profound impact and enduring fascination it holds for enthusiasts of Norse mythology.

Symbols and Themes in the Sigurd Mythology

The Sigurd mythology is rich with symbolism and recurring themes that shape the narrative and add depth to the legendary hero’s story.

From the iconic heroic journey and quest for glory to the profound symbolism of dragons and treasure, the Sigurd myth delves into themes of love, betrayal, tragic consequences, and the interplay of fate, destiny, and divine intervention.

The Heroic Journey and Quest for Glory

At the heart of the Sigurd myth lies the classic hero’s journey archetype. Sigurd embarks on a perilous quest, facing immense challenges and defeating formidable foes. His relentless pursuit of glory and honor drives him to overcome obstacles, transform, and ultimately achieve greatness.

This theme resonates with audiences, inspiring them to embrace their own inner hero and embark on their personal journeys of self-discovery and triumph.

The Symbolism of Dragons and Treasure

The dragon serves as a powerful symbol in the Sigurd myth, representing untamed chaos, greed, and the forces of evil that must be overcome. Sigurd’s slaying of the dragon Fafnir illustrates the triumph of good over evil and the conquering of one’s fears.

The treasure guarded by the dragon represents not only material wealth but also the transformative power it holds, tempting and corrupting those who seek it. The symbolism of dragons and treasure resonates with the human desire for power, wealth, and personal growth.

Love, Betrayal, and Tragic Consequences

Within the Sigurd myth, love becomes a catalyst for both triumph and tragedy. The complex relationships between Sigurd, Gudrun/Kriemhild, and Brunhild highlight the power of love, but also its potential for betrayal and devastating consequences.

The intertwined fate of these characters weaves a tragic tapestry of love lost, broken alliances, and devastating conflicts, exploring the depths of human emotions and the consequences of actions driven by love and desire.

Fate, Destiny, and Divine Intervention in Sigurd’s Story

The Sigurd myth delves into the concept of fate and the inevitability of destiny. Sigurd’s journey is often guided by divine intervention, with gods and goddesses shaping his path and influencing the outcomes of his actions.

The interplay between mortal agency and divine forces adds a layer of transcendence to the story, raising philosophical questions about the nature of free will, predestination, and the intricate relationship between humans and the divine.

Sigurd as a Cultural Icon in Norse and Germanic Traditions

Sigurd, the legendary hero of Norse mythology, has transcended ancient sagas to become a revered cultural icon in both Norse and Germanic traditions. His epic adventures and heroic feats have captured the imagination of people throughout history and continue to influence modern pop culture, reinforcing his status as a legendary figure.

Let’s explore Sigurd’s relevance in modern pop culture, his role in Nordic identity and heritage, his significance in Germanic literature and folklore, and the enduring legacy he has left behind.

Sigurd’s Relevance in Modern Pop Culture

The legendary exploits of Sigurd have found their place in modern pop culture, where his story has been retold and adapted in various mediums.

From literature to film and television, Sigurd’s daring heroism and quest for glory have captivated audiences worldwide. His battles against formidable foes like the dragon Fafnir and his pursuit of treasure resonate with contemporary audiences, who continue to be enthralled by his adventures.

Sigurd’s Role in Nordic Identity and Heritage

Within Nordic communities, Sigurd holds a special place in shaping their collective identity and heritage. As a cultural icon, he symbolizes the bravery, courage, and perseverance that are deeply ingrained in Norse traditions.

Sigurd represents the values of heroism, honor, and exploration, which are cherished and celebrated as an integral part of the Nordic culture and identity.

Sigurd’s Significance in Germanic Literature and Folklore

In Germanic literature and folklore, Sigurd’s legend has played a significant role in shaping the literary traditions and oral storytelling customs of the region.

His exploits have inspired numerous works of literature, poetry, and songs throughout history. From the medieval epic Nibelungenlied to contemporary retellings, Sigurd’s enduring presence in Germanic folklore continues to fascinate and enchant audiences.

The Enduring Legacy of the Sigurd Myth

The legacy of Sigurd extends far beyond the pages of ancient sagas. His influence can be seen in various aspects of modern society, from art and literature to music and even advertising.

Sigurd’s character continues to inspire and captivate artists, writers, and creators who seek to capture the essence of his timeless heroism and adventurous spirit. As long as people yearn for tales of bravery, love, and adventure, Sigurd’s legend will remain an indelible part of human culture.

Exploring Sigurd’s World: Norse Mythology and its Deities

In this section, we delve into the captivating realm of Norse mythology and the prominent deities that inhabit it. Norse mythology is rich with divine beings who play significant roles in Sigurd’s story and the wider mythological tapestry.

Let’s explore some of the key figures:

Odin : The Allfather and Wisdom Seeker

Odin , often referred to as the Allfather, holds a central position in Norse mythology. He is the chief god and ruler of Asgard, home of the gods. Odin is renowned for his insatiable hunger for knowledge and wisdom, acquiring it through sacrifices and his quest for the runes.

He is associated with warfare, poetry, and wisdom.

Loki : The Trickster and Shapeshifter

Loki is a complex and enigmatic deity, known for his mischievous nature and shape-shifting abilities. Often portrayed as a trickster, Loki can be both a friend and a foe to the gods and the mortal realm.

His actions often lead to chaos and unforeseen consequences, making him a compelling character in Norse mythology.

Thor : The God of Thunder and Protection

Thor , the mighty thunder god, wields the powerful hammer Mjölnir and is known for his incredible strength and bravery. He is the protector of both gods and humans, defending them against threats and wielding his thunderous might to combat evil forces, including giants and other formidable creatures.

Freyja: The Goddess of Love and Beauty

Freyja is a beloved goddess associated with love, beauty, and fertility. As the ruler of the heavenly realm known as Fólkvangr, she is also considered the goddess of war and death, choosing half of the slain warriors to join her in her realm.

Freyja possesses a magical necklace called Brísingamen, which symbolizes her beauty and power.

Through these powerful deities and their intricate relationships, Norse mythology weaves a captivating tapestry that shapes the world of Sigurd and adds depth to his heroic journey.

The Enigmatic Sigurd: Myth or Historical Figure?

A central question surrounding the legendary figure of Sigurd is whether he was a mythical creation or a historical figure. This debate stems from the limited historical evidence available and the mixture of historical and mythical elements in his story.

Historical Context and Interpretations

To assess the historical context of Sigurd, scholars examine the existing historical records, archaeological findings, and cultural influences of the time. Interpreting these sources, several theories have emerged, attempting to place Sigurd within a historical framework.

Interpretations of the Sigurd Myth in Scholarship

Within the realm of scholarship, experts have proposed multiple interpretations of the Sigurd myth. Some view the stories as purely symbolic or allegorical, representing broader themes of heroism and human experience.

Others consider Sigurd as an amalgamation of historical figures and legendary embellishments.

Unraveling the Mystery: Separating Fact from Fiction

Separating fact from fiction in the Sigurd myth is a challenging endeavor. The lack of concrete historical evidence leaves room for various interpretations and speculation. Scholars carefully analyze the available sources, comparing them with other contemporary accounts and cultural motifs.

Sigurd’s Continued Relevance and Influence in Modern Times

Regardless of the debate surrounding Sigurd’s historicity, his cultural impact and importance persist to this day. The myth of Sigurd has captured the imagination of countless artists, authors, and enthusiasts over the centuries, resonating with audiences and contributing to the enduring appeal of Norse mythology.

The question of whether Sigurd was a myth or a historical figure continues to elicit debate and interpretation. While the elusive nature of historical evidence might never provide a definitive answer, the enduring fascination with Sigurd underscores the power and enduring relevance of mythology in shaping cultural narratives.

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Home » Blog » Norse Mythology » Norse Heroes and Demigods » The Legendary Hero Sigurd in Norse Mythology

The Legendary Hero Sigurd in Norse Mythology

Norse mythology, a bedrock of ancient Scandinavian culture, remains vibrantly relevant in today’s world, influencing literature, art, and popular media. At the heart of these enduring legends stands Sigurd (or Siegfried), a quintessential hero whose exploits and character encapsulate the ethos of Norse lore. Sigurd’s tales, rich in adventure, bravery, and tragedy, not only reflect the values and beliefs of the Norse people but also continue to fascinate and inspire contemporary audiences. His story, woven through epic sagas and poems, offers a window into a mythical world where gods and mortals interplay, shaping the narrative tapestry of Norse mythology. Sigurd’s legacy, marked by his dragon-slaying feat and tragic destiny, elevates him as a central figure, embodying the timeless appeal of heroic sagas and their profound impact on cultural imagination.

1. The Origin and Birth of Sigurd

Sigurd’s lineage and birth.

The tale of Sigurd begins in the hallowed texts of Norse mythology, particularly the ‘Volsunga Saga’ and the ‘Poetic Edda’. Born to the noble lineage of Volsung , Sigurd is the son of Sigmund , a renowned warrior, and Hjordis, a princess with a strong spirit. His birth is marked by omens and prophecies, foreshadowing his extraordinary destiny. The sagas tell of how, following Sigmund’s untimely death in battle, Hjordis ensures the survival of their lineage, ultimately leading to Sigurd’s birth and upbringing under the care of Regin, a cunning smith with hidden agendas.

Historical and Cultural Context

In the tapestry of Norse myths, Sigurd’s story is not just a personal saga but a reflection of the values and societal norms of the time. His lineage and birth are emblematic of the emphasis placed on noble blood and destiny in Norse culture. The circumstances of his upbringing, surrounded by prophecy and nurtured for greatness, mirror the Norse belief in fate and the inevitable course of one’s life, as governed by the Norns. Sigurd’s story, set against the backdrop of a warrior society, also highlights the cultural importance of bravery, honor, and the pursuit of glory, virtues highly prized in Norse society. His narrative serves as a lens through which we can understand the historical and cultural fabric of the ancient Norse world.

2. The Legend of Sigurd

Slaying the dragon fafnir.

Sigurd’s most famous adventure, immortalized in Norse sagas, is his epic battle with the dragon Fafnir. Guided by his mentor, Regin, Sigurd crafts a powerful sword, Gram, from the fragments of his father’s blade. With Gram, he confronts and slays Fafnir, who guards a cursed treasure. The dragon’s slaying signifies not just physical bravery but also the triumph over greed and corruption, as Fafnir was once a man transformed by the lure of gold.

Winning the Treasure of the Nibelungs

The slaying of Fafnir leads Sigurd to the treasure of the Nibelungs, a hoard of gold that brings misfortune to its possessors. Sigurd acquires this treasure, unaware of its cursed nature. This part of his saga intertwines with themes of fate and destiny, as the curse of the gold propels many of Sigurd’s subsequent trials and tribulations.

Involvement with the Valkyrie Brynhildr

Sigurd’s story takes a turn with his involvement with Brynhildr, a Valkyrie. After awakening her from an enchanted sleep, Sigurd and Brynhildr pledge their love. However, due to deceptions and broken promises, their tragic love story unfolds, adding a layer of romantic tragedy to Sigurd’s legend.

Comparison with Germanic Legend of Siegfried

Sigurd’s Norse saga parallels the Germanic legend of Siegfried. While the core elements of dragon slaying and tragic love are consistent, Siegfried’s tale in works like the ‘Nibelungenlied’ has its unique nuances, reflecting the differences in cultural storytelling and myth-making between the Norse and Germanic traditions. Sigurd’s narrative is deeply entrenched in Norse spiritual and societal values, while Siegfried’s story aligns more with medieval Germanic ideals.

3. Sigurd’s Relationships and Betrayal

Sigurd’s relationships with gudrun, gunnar, and brynhildr.

Sigurd’s life is intricately woven with significant characters who shape his destiny. Gudrun becomes his wife through a series of manipulations and misunderstandings. Gunnar, Gudrun’s brother, plays a pivotal role in Sigurd’s fate. His desire to marry Brynhildr, a Valkyrie originally betrothed to Sigurd, sets off a chain of deceptions. The complex relationship between these characters is a testament to the intricate human emotions and societal norms depicted in Norse myths.

The dynamic between Sigurd and Brynhildr is particularly poignant. Initially united by a deep love, their relationship is marred by Sigurd’s unintentional betrayal. The saga portrays their bond as one of the great tragic romances of Norse mythology, underscored by honor, promises, and the tragic consequences of their breach.

The Betrayal and Tragic End of Sigurd

Sigurd’s life ends in betrayal and tragedy. The sagas recount how Sigurd is ultimately killed by those he trusts. In the ‘Volsunga Saga’, it is through a plot hatched by Gudrun’s brothers, fueled by jealousy and the desire for the cursed treasure. His death, often viewed as a result of the inexorable workings of fate and the curse of the gold, marks a somber end to the hero’s journey.

Sigurd’s demise is not just a personal tragedy but also a narrative tool reflecting the Norse understanding of fate and the consequences of human actions. The primary sources, like the ‘Volsunga Saga’, present these themes compellingly, offering insights into the Norse worldview where destiny, honor, and the supernatural intertwine to shape individual fates.

4. The Hero’s Journey: Analyzing Sigurd’s Epic Tale

Joseph Campbell’s concept of the Hero’s Journey provides a fascinating framework to analyze Sigurd’s epic tale. This universal template of hero mythology, comprising stages like the Call to Adventure, Trials and Tribulations, and The Return, can be observed in Sigurd’s story, underscoring its timeless and universal appeal.

• The Call to Adventure : Sigurd’s journey begins with his birth under auspicious circumstances and the prophecy that marks him for greatness. His upbringing and the forging of his sword Gram symbolize the preparation for his destined path.
• Crossing the Threshold : The slaying of the dragon Fafnir represents Sigurd’s crossing into a world of great challenges and supernatural elements, a key phase in the Hero’s Journey.
• Trials and Tribulations : Sigurd faces numerous trials, from dealing with the cursed treasure of the Nibelungs to navigating complex relationships with Brynhildr, Gudrun, and Gunnar. Each challenge tests and shapes his character.
• Abyss and Transformation : The greatest transformation for Sigurd comes through his tragic romance with Brynhildr and the ensuing betrayals. This phase signifies the hero’s descent into the abyss, facing his deepest fears and experiencing profound change.
• The Return and Elixir : Unlike many heroes’ journeys that culminate in a return with newfound wisdom or elixirs, Sigurd’s journey ends in betrayal and death. However, his story’s impact and the lessons it imparts act as the ‘elixir’ for the audience, offering insights into bravery, honor, and the tragic beauty of human imperfection.

Analyzing Sigurd’s story through Campbell’s Hero’s Journey not only highlights its narrative structure but also connects it to a broader spectrum of hero myths across cultures. This analysis reveals the universal patterns in myth-making and the enduring power of these stories to convey fundamental human experiences and values.

5. Historical and Cultural Impact

Sigurd’s impact on norse culture and history.

Sigurd’s saga, deeply ingrained in Norse mythology, has had a profound impact on the historical and cultural fabric of Norse society. His story encapsulates key Norse values such as bravery, honor, and the acceptance of fate. The legend of Sigurd, particularly his heroism and tragic end, resonated with the Viking ethos, influencing their perspectives on bravery, loyalty, and destiny. This impact is evident in various archaeological findings, like rune stones and burial sites, where references to Sigurd’s legend are found, indicating his significant place in the Norse cultural consciousness.

Sigurd in Modern Media, Literature, and Art

The legacy of Sigurd extends far beyond ancient texts; it permeates modern media, literature, and art. Numerous forms have retold and reinterpreted his tale, from Richard Wagner’s opera “Der Ring des Nibelungen,” which heavily draws from Sigurd’s story, to contemporary novels, films, and video games. These adaptations often highlight Sigurd’s heroism and tragic destiny, appealing to modern audiences’ fascination with complex characters and epic narratives.

In visual arts, Sigurd’s legend has been a recurrent theme, inspiring artworks that depict his heroic feats and tragic romance with Brynhildr. Furthermore, his story continues to be a subject of scholarly research and literary analysis, contributing to the understanding of Norse mythology and its role in shaping cultural and societal ideologies.

Sigurd’s enduring presence in various forms of contemporary media underscores his status as a timeless icon, whose story transcends the boundaries of time and culture, continuing to inspire, educate, and captivate audiences around the world.

6. Conclusion

Sigurd, a paramount figure in Norse mythology, encapsulates the essence of the Norse heroic spirit. His saga, interwoven with themes of bravery, fate, and tragedy, offers a profound insight into the Norse worldview, reflecting the values and beliefs of ancient Scandinavian society. The significance of Sigurd extends beyond historical lore, resonating powerfully in contemporary culture. His story, with its intricate narrative and timeless themes, continues to inspire and influence modern literature, art, and media. This enduring appeal underscores the universality of Sigurd’s tale, highlighting its ability to transcend time and cultural boundaries. As a symbol of heroism and human complexity, Sigurd remains a compelling figure, reminding us of the enduring power of myth to shape, reflect, and enrich our understanding of the human experience.

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The hero's journey: a story structure as old as time, the hero's journey offers a powerful framework for creating quest-based stories emphasizing self-transformation..

Table of Contents

Holding out for a hero to take your story to the next level? 

The Hero’s Journey might be just what you’ve been looking for. Created by Joseph Campbell, this narrative framework packs mythic storytelling into a series of steps across three acts, each representing a crucial phase in a character's transformative journey.

Challenge . Growth . Triumph .

Whether you're penning a novel, screenplay, or video game, The Hero’s Journey is a tried-and-tested blueprint for crafting epic stories that transcend time and culture. Let’s explore the steps together and kickstart your next masterpiece.

What is the Hero’s Journey?

The Hero’s Journey is a famous template for storytelling, mapping a hero's adventurous quest through trials and tribulations to ultimate transformation. 

What are the Origins of the Hero’s Journey?

The Hero’s Journey was invented by Campbell in his seminal 1949 work, The Hero with a Thousand Faces , where he introduces the concept of the "monomyth."

A comparative mythologist by trade, Campbell studied myths from cultures around the world and identified a common pattern in their narratives. He proposed that all mythic narratives are variations of a single, universal story, structured around a hero's adventure, trials, and eventual triumph.

His work unveiled the archetypal hero’s path as a mirror to humanity’s commonly shared experiences and aspirations. It was subsequently named one of the All-Time 100 Nonfiction Books by TIME in 2011.

How are the Hero’s and Heroine’s Journeys Different? 

While both the Hero's and Heroine's Journeys share the theme of transformation, they diverge in their focus and execution.

The Hero’s Journey, as outlined by Campbell, emphasizes external challenges and a quest for physical or metaphorical treasures. In contrast, Murdock's Heroine’s Journey, explores internal landscapes, focusing on personal reconciliation, emotional growth, and the path to self-actualization.

In short, heroes seek to conquer the world, while heroines seek to transform their own lives; but…

Twelve Steps of the Hero’s Journey

So influential was Campbell’s monomyth theory that it's been used as the basis for some of the largest franchises of our generation: The Lord of the Rings , Harry Potter ...and George Lucas even cited it as a direct influence on Star Wars .

There are, in fact, several variations of the Hero's Journey, which we discuss further below. But for this breakdown, we'll use the twelve-step version outlined by Christopher Vogler in his book, The Writer's Journey (seemingly now out of print, unfortunately).

You probably already know the above stories pretty well so we’ll unpack the twelve steps of the Hero's Journey using Ben Gates’ journey in National Treasure as a case study—because what is more heroic than saving the Declaration of Independence from a bunch of goons?

Ye be warned: Spoilers ahead!

Act One: Departure

Step 1. the ordinary world.

The journey begins with the status quo—business as usual. We meet the hero and are introduced to the Known World they live in. In other words, this is your exposition, the starting stuff that establishes the story to come.

National Treasure begins in media res (preceded only by a short prologue), where we are given key information that introduces us to Ben Gates' world, who he is (a historian from a notorious family), what he does (treasure hunts), and why he's doing it (restoring his family's name).

With the help of his main ally, Riley, and a crew of other treasure hunters backed by a wealthy patron, he finds an 18th-century American ship in the Canadian Arctic, the Charlotte . Here, they find a ship-shaped pipe that presents a new riddle and later doubles as a key—for now, it's just another clue in the search for the lost treasure of the Templars, one that leads them to the Declaration of Independence.

Step 2. The Call to Adventure

The inciting incident takes place and the hero is called to act upon it. While they're still firmly in the Known World, the story kicks off and leaves the hero feeling out of balance. In other words, they are placed at a crossroads.

Ian (the wealthy patron of the Charlotte operation) steals the pipe from Ben and Riley and leaves them stranded. This is a key moment: Ian becomes the villain, Ben has now sufficiently lost his funding for this expedition, and if he decides to pursue the chase, he'll be up against extreme odds.

Step 3. Refusal of the Call

The hero hesitates and instead refuses their call to action. Following the call would mean making a conscious decision to break away from the status quo. Ahead lies danger, risk, and the unknown; but here and now, the hero is still in the safety and comfort of what they know.

Ben debates continuing the hunt for the Templar treasure. Before taking any action, he decides to try and warn the authorities: the FBI, Homeland Security, and the staff of the National Archives, where the Declaration of Independence is housed and monitored. Nobody will listen to him, and his family's notoriety doesn't help matters.

Step 4. Meeting the Mentor

The protagonist receives knowledge or motivation from a powerful or influential figure. This is a tactical move on the hero's part—remember that it was only the previous step in which they debated whether or not to jump headfirst into the unknown. By Meeting the Mentor, they can gain new information or insight, and better equip themselves for the journey they might to embark on.

Abigail, an archivist at the National Archives, brushes Ben and Riley off as being crazy, but Ben uses the interaction to his advantage in other ways—to seek out information about how the Declaration of Independence is stored and cared for, as well as what (and more importantly, who) else he might be up against in his own attempt to steal it.

In a key scene, we see him contemplate the entire operation while standing over the glass-encased Declaration of Independence. Finally, he firmly decides to pursue the treasure and stop Ian, uttering the famous line, "I'm gonna steal the Declaration of Independence."

Act Two: Initiation

Step 5. crossing the threshold.

The hero leaves the Known World to face the Unknown World. They are fully committed to the journey, with no way to turn back now. There may be a confrontation of some sort, and the stakes will be raised.

Ben and Riley infiltrate the National Archives during a gala and successfully steal the Declaration of Independence. But wait—it's not so easy. While stealing the Declaration of Independence, Abigail suspects something is up and Ben faces off against Ian.

Then, when trying to escape the building, Ben exits through the gift shop, where an attendant spots the document peeking out of his jacket. He is forced to pay for it, feigning that it's a replica—and because he doesn't have enough cash, he has to use his credit card, so there goes keeping his identity anonymous.

The game is afoot.

Step 6. Tests, Allies, Enemies

The hero explores the Unknown World. Now that they have firmly crossed the threshold from the Known World, the hero will face new challenges and possibly meet new enemies. They'll have to call upon their allies, new and old, in order to keep moving forward.

Abigail reluctantly joins the team under the agreement that she'll help handle the Declaration of Independence, given her background in document archiving and restoration. Ben and co. seek the aid of Ben's father, Patrick Gates, whom Ben has a strained relationship with thanks to years of failed treasure hunting that has created a rift between grandfather, father, and son. Finally, they travel around Philadelphia deciphering clues while avoiding both Ian and the FBI.

Step 7. Approach the Innermost Cave

The hero nears the goal of their quest, the reason they crossed the threshold in the first place. Here, they could be making plans, having new revelations, or gaining new skills. To put it in other familiar terms, this step would mark the moment just before the story's climax.

Ben uncovers a pivotal clue—or rather, he finds an essential item—a pair of bifocals with interchangeable lenses made by Benjamin Franklin. It is revealed that by switching through the various lenses, different messages will be revealed on the back of the Declaration of Independence. He's forced to split from Abigail and Riley, but Ben has never been closer to the treasure.

Step 8. The Ordeal

The hero faces a dire situation that changes how they view the world. All threads of the story come together at this pinnacle, the central crisis from which the hero will emerge unscathed or otherwise. The stakes will be at their absolute highest here.

Vogler details that in this stage, the hero will experience a "death," though it need not be literal. In your story, this could signify the end of something and the beginning of another, which could itself be figurative or literal. For example, a certain relationship could come to an end, or it could mean someone "stuck in their ways" opens up to a new perspective.

In National Treasure , The FBI captures Ben and Ian makes off with the Declaration of Independence—all hope feels lost. To add to it, Ian reveals that he's kidnapped Ben's father and threatens to take further action if Ben doesn't help solve the final clues and lead Ian to the treasure.

Ben escapes the FBI with Ian's help, reunites with Abigail and Riley, and leads everyone to an underground structure built below Trinity Church in New York City. Here, they manage to split from Ian once more, sending him on a goose chase to Boston with a false clue, and proceed further into the underground structure.

Though they haven't found the treasure just yet, being this far into the hunt proves to Ben's father, Patrick, that it's real enough. The two men share an emotional moment that validates what their family has been trying to do for generations.

Step 9. Reward

This is it, the moment the hero has been waiting for. They've survived "death," weathered the crisis of The Ordeal, and earned the Reward for which they went on this journey.

Now, free of Ian's clutches and with some light clue-solving, Ben, Abigail, Riley, and Patrick keep progressing through the underground structure and eventually find the Templar's treasure—it's real and more massive than they could have imagined. Everyone revels in their discovery while simultaneously looking for a way back out.

Act Three: Return

Step 10. the road back.

It's time for the journey to head towards its conclusion. The hero begins their return to the Known World and may face unexpected challenges. Whatever happens, the "why" remains paramount here (i.e. why the hero ultimately chose to embark on their journey).

This step marks a final turning point where they'll have to take action or make a decision to keep moving forward and be "reborn" back into the Known World.

Act Three of National Treasure is admittedly quite short. After finding the treasure, Ben and co. emerge from underground to face the FBI once more. Not much of a road to travel back here so much as a tunnel to scale in a crypt.

Step 11. Resurrection

The hero faces their ultimate challenge and emerges victorious, but forever changed. This step often requires a sacrifice of some sort, and having stepped into the role of The Hero™, they must answer to this.

Ben is given an ultimatum— somebody has to go to jail (on account of the whole stealing-the-Declaration-of-Independence thing). But, Ben also found a treasure worth millions of dollars and that has great value to several nations around the world, so that counts for something.

Ultimately, Ben sells Ian out, makes a deal to exonerate his friends and family, and willingly hands the treasure over to the authorities. Remember: he wanted to find the treasure, but his "why" was to restore the Gates family name, so he won regardless.

Step 12. Return With the Elixir

Finally, the hero returns home as a new version of themself, the elixir is shared amongst the people, and the journey is completed full circle.

The elixir, like many other elements of the hero's journey, can be literal or figurative. It can be a tangible thing, such as an actual elixir meant for some specific purpose, or it could be represented by an abstract concept such as hope, wisdom, or love.

Vogler notes that if the Hero's Journey results in a tragedy, the elixir can instead have an effect external to the story—meaning that it could be something meant to affect the audience and/or increase their awareness of the world.

In the final scene of National Treasure , we see Ben and Abigail walking the grounds of a massive estate. Riley pulls up in a fancy sports car and comments on how they could have gotten more money. They all chat about attending a museum exhibit in Cairo (Egypt).

In one scene, we're given a lot of closure: Ben and co. received a hefty payout for finding the treasure, Ben and Abigail are a couple now, and the treasure was rightfully spread to those it benefitted most—in this case, countries who were able to reunite with significant pieces of their history. Everyone's happy, none of them went to jail despite the serious crimes committed, and they're all a whole lot wealthier. Oh, Hollywood.

Variations of the Hero's Journey

Plot structure is important, but you don't need to follow it exactly; and, in fact, your story probably won't. Your version of the Hero's Journey might require more or fewer steps, or you might simply go off the beaten path for a few steps—and that's okay!

What follows are three additional versions of the Hero's Journey, which you may be more familiar with than Vogler's version presented above.

Dan Harmon's Story Circle (or, The Eight-Step Hero's Journey)

Screenwriter Dan Harmon has riffed on the Hero's Journey by creating a more compact version, the Story Circle —and it works especially well for shorter-format stories such as television episodes, which happens to be what Harmon writes.

The Story Circle comprises eight simple steps with a heavy emphasis on the hero's character arc:

• The hero is in a zone of comfort...
• But they want something.
• They enter an unfamiliar situation...
• And adapt to it by facing trials.
• They get what they want...
• But they pay a heavy price for it.
• They return to their familiar situation...
• Having changed.

You may have noticed, but there is a sort of rhythm here. The eight steps work well in four pairs, simplifying the core of the Hero's Journey even further:

• The hero is in a zone of comfort, but they want something.
• They enter an unfamiliar situation and have to adapt via new trials.
• They get what they want, but they pay a price for it.
• They return to their zone of comfort, forever changed.

If you're writing shorter fiction, such as a short story or novella, definitely check out the Story Circle. It's the Hero's Journey minus all the extraneous bells & whistles.

Ten-Step Hero's Journey

The ten-step Hero's Journey is similar to the twelve-step version we presented above. It includes most of the same steps except for Refusal of the Call and Meeting the Mentor, arguing that these steps aren't as essential to include; and, it moves Crossing the Threshold to the end of Act One and Reward to the end of Act Two.

• The Ordinary World
• The Call to Adventure
• Crossing the Threshold
• Tests, Allies, Enemies
• Approach the Innermost Cave
• The Road Back
• Resurrection
• Return with Elixir

We've previously written about the ten-step hero's journey in a series of essays separated by act: Act One (with a prologue), Act Two , and Act Three .

Twelve-Step Hero's Journey: Version Two

Again, the second version of the twelve-step hero's journey is very similar to the one above, save for a few changes, including in which story act certain steps appear.

This version skips The Ordinary World exposition and starts right at The Call to Adventure; then, the story ends with two new steps in place of Return With Elixir: The Return and The Freedom to Live.

• The Refusal of the Call
• Meeting the Mentor
• Test, Allies, Enemies
• Approaching the Innermost Cave
• The Resurrection
• The Return*
• The Freedom to Live*

In the final act of this version, there is more of a focus on an internal transformation for the hero. They experience a metamorphosis on their journey back to the Known World, return home changed, and go on to live a new life, uninhibited.

Seventeen-Step Hero's Journey

Finally, the granddaddy of heroic journeys: the seventeen-step Hero's Journey. This version includes a slew of extra steps your hero might face out in the expanse.

• Refusal of the Call
• Supernatural Aid (aka Meeting the Mentor)
• Belly of the Whale*: This added stage marks the hero's immediate descent into danger once they've crossed the threshold.
• Road of Trials (...with Allies, Tests, and Enemies)
• Meeting with the Goddess/God*: In this stage, the hero meets with a new advisor or powerful figure, who equips them with the knowledge or insight needed to keep progressing forward.
• Woman as Temptress (or simply, Temptation)*: Here, the hero is tempted, against their better judgment, to question themselves and their reason for being on the journey. They may feel insecure about something specific or have an exposed weakness that momentarily holds them back.
• Atonement with the Father (or, Catharthis)*: The hero faces their Temptation and moves beyond it, shedding free from all that holds them back.
• Apotheosis (aka The Ordeal)
• The Ultimate Boon (aka the Reward)
• Refusal of the Return*: The hero wonders if they even want to go back to their old life now that they've been forever changed.
• The Magic Flight*: Having decided to return to the Known World, the hero needs to actually find a way back.
• Rescue From Without*: Allies may come to the hero's rescue, helping them escape this bold, new world and return home.
• Crossing of the Return Threshold (aka The Return)
• Master of Two Worlds*: Very closely resembling The Resurrection stage in other variations, this stage signifies that the hero is quite literally a master of two worlds—The Known World and the Unknown World—having conquered each.
• Freedom to Live

Again, we skip the Ordinary World opening here. Additionally, Acts Two and Three look pretty different from what we've seen so far, although, the bones of the Hero's Journey structure remain.

The Eight Hero’s Journey Archetypes

The Hero is, understandably, the cornerstone of the Hero’s Journey, but they’re just one of eight key archetypes that make up this narrative framework.

In The Writer's Journey , Vogler outlined seven of these archetypes, only excluding the Ally, which we've included below. Here’s a breakdown of all eight with examples: 

1. The Hero

As outlined, the Hero is the protagonist who embarks on a transformative quest or journey. The challenges they overcome represent universal human struggles and triumphs. 

Vogler assigned a "primary function" to each archetype—helpful for establishing their role in a story. The Hero's primary function is "to service and sacrifice."

Example: Neo from The Matrix , who evolves from a regular individual into the prophesied savior of humanity.

2. The Mentor

A wise guide offering knowledge, tools, and advice, Mentors help the Hero navigate the journey and discover their potential. Their primary function is "to guide."

Example: Mr. Miyagi from The Karate Kid imparts not only martial arts skills but invaluable life lessons to Daniel.

3. The Ally

Companions who support the Hero, Allies provide assistance, friendship, and moral support throughout the journey. They may also become a friends-to-lovers romantic partner. 

Not included in Vogler's list is the Ally, though we'd argue they are essential nonetheless. Let's say their primary function is "to aid and support."

Example: Samwise Gamgee from Lord of the Rings , a loyal friend and steadfast supporter of Frodo.

4. The Herald

The Herald acts as a catalyst to initiate the Hero's Journey, often presenting a challenge or calling the hero to adventure. Their primary function is "to warn or challenge."

Example: Effie Trinket from The Hunger Games , whose selection at the Reaping sets Katniss’s journey into motion.

5. The Trickster

A character who brings humor and unpredictability, challenges conventions, and offers alternative perspectives or solutions. Their primary function is "to disrupt."

Example: Loki from Norse mythology exemplifies the trickster, with his cunning and chaotic influence.

6. The Shapeshifter

Ambiguous figures whose allegiance and intentions are uncertain. They may be a friend one moment and a foe the next. Their primary function is "to question and deceive."

Example: Catwoman from the Batman universe often blurs the line between ally and adversary, slinking between both roles with glee.

7. The Guardian

Protectors of important thresholds, Guardians challenge or test the Hero, serving as obstacles to overcome or lessons to be learned. Their primary function is "to test."

Example: The Black Knight in Monty Python and the Holy Grail literally bellows “None shall pass!”—a quintessential ( but not very effective ) Guardian.

8. The Shadow

Represents the Hero's inner conflict or an antagonist, often embodying the darker aspects of the hero or their opposition. Their primary function is "to destroy."

Example: Zuko from Avatar: The Last Airbender; initially an adversary, his journey parallels the Hero’s path of transformation.

While your story does not have to use all of the archetypes, they can help you develop your characters and visualize how they interact with one another—especially the Hero.

For example, take your hero and place them in the center of a blank worksheet, then write down your other major characters in a circle around them and determine who best fits into which archetype. Who challenges your hero? Who tricks them? Who guides them? And so on...

Stories that Use the Hero’s Journey

Not a fan of saving the Declaration of Independence? Check out these alternative examples of the Hero’s Journey to get inspired: 

• Epic of Gilgamesh : An ancient Mesopotamian epic poem thought to be one of the earliest examples of the Hero’s Journey (and one of the oldest recorded stories).
• The Lion King (1994): Simba's exile and return depict a tale of growth, responsibility, and reclaiming his rightful place as king.
• The Alchemist by Paolo Coehlo: Santiago's quest for treasure transforms into a journey of self-discovery and personal enlightenment.
• Coraline by Neil Gaiman: A young girl's adventure in a parallel world teaches her about courage, family, and appreciating her own reality.
• Kung Fu Panda (2008): Po's transformation from a clumsy panda to a skilled warrior perfectly exemplifies the Hero's Journey. Skadoosh!

The Hero's Journey is so generalized that it's ubiquitous. You can plop the plot of just about any quest-style narrative into its framework and say that the story follows the Hero's Journey. Try it out for yourself as an exercise in getting familiar with the method.

Will the Hero's Journey Work For You?

As renowned as it is, the Hero's Journey works best for the kinds of tales that inspired it: mythic stories.

Writers of speculative fiction may gravitate towards this method over others, especially those writing epic fantasy and science fiction (big, bold fantasy quests and grand space operas come to mind).

The stories we tell today are vast and varied, and they stretch far beyond the dealings of deities, saving kingdoms, or acquiring some fabled "elixir." While that may have worked for Gilgamesh a few thousand years ago, it's not always representative of our lived experiences here and now.

If you decide to give the Hero's Journey a go, we encourage you to make it your own! The pieces of your plot don't have to neatly fit into the structure, but you can certainly make a strong start on mapping out your story.

Hero's Journey Campfire Template

The Timeline Module in Campfire offers a versatile canvas to plot out each basic component of your story while featuring nested "notebooks."

Simply double-click on each event card in your timeline to open up a canvas specific to that card. This allows you to look at your plot at the highest level, while also adding as much detail for each plot element as needed!

If you're just hearing about Campfire for the first time, it's free to sign up—forever! Let's plot the most epic of hero's journeys 👇

Lessons From the Hero’s Journey

The Hero's Journey offers a powerful framework for creating stories centered around growth, adventure, and transformation.

If you want to develop compelling characters, spin out engaging plots, and write books that express themes of valor and courage, consider The Hero’s Journey your blueprint. So stop holding out for a hero, and start writing!

Does your story mirror the Hero's Journey? Let us know in the comments below.

A Practical Guide to Joseph Campbell and the Hero’s Journey

OVERVIEW: What are the hero’s journey steps? That is, what’s the psychological process we go through that can lead to inner transformation? This guide answers these questions.

______________

Treasure, love, reward, approval, honor, status, freedom, and survival … these are some of the many things associated with the hero’s journey.

However, we don’t find the meaning of the hero’s journey in slaying the dragon or saving the princess.

These are but colorful metaphors and symbols for a more significant purpose.

Battling inner and outer demons, confronting bullies, and courting your ideal mate symbolize a passage through the often treacherous path of self-discovery toward adulthood.

If you complete one of these “adventures,” you’re different. Sometimes visually, but always internally.

Here, we’ll explore the meaning of the hero’s journey steps and see how it applies to psychological development and our ability to actualize our potential.

Let’s dive in …

What is the Hero’s Journey?

The hero’s journey refers to a common motif, or set of patterns, found in many ancient mythologies around the world.

The hero’s journey steps are said to be universal and found throughout recorded history.

The popularization of the hero’s journey is attributed to the late mythologist Joseph Campbell.

These stages lead an individual (the would-be hero) through a challenging process of change that often includes great hardships.

This well-known story structure is used in many modern films and storytelling. However, the true meaning of the hero’s journey motif is psychological in origin.

What is the Monomyth?

Joseph Campbell was a curious mythologist. In the field of comparative mythology, most scholars examine how one culture’s myths are different than another.

Instead of focusing on the many differences between cultural myths and religious stories, however, Campbell did the opposite: He looked for the similarities.

His studies resulted in what’s called the monomyth . The monomyth is a universal story structure.

Essentially, it’s a story template that takes a character through a sequence of stages. Campbell began identifying the patterns of this monomyth (the hero’s journey steps).

Over and over again, he was amazed to find this structure in the cultures he studied. He also observed the same sequence in many religions including the stories of Gautama Buddha, Moses, and Jesus Christ.

Campbell outlined the stages of the monomyth in his classic book  The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949).

What is the Hero?

The main character in the monomyth is the hero .

The hero isn’t a person, but an archetype —a set of universal images combined with specific patterns of behavior.

Think of a protagonist from your favorite film. He or she represents the hero.

The storyline of the film enacts the hero’s journey.

The Hero archetype resides in the psyche of every individual, which is one of the primary reasons we love hearing and watching stories.

What is a Myth?

We might ask, why explore the hero’s journey steps?

Sure, Hollywood uses it as their dominant story structure for its films (more on that later). But what relevance does it have for us as individuals?

Today, when we speak of “myth,” we refer to something that’s commonly believed, but untrue.

Myth, for minds like Campbell and Carl Jung however, had a much deeper meaning. Myths, for them, represent dreams of the collective psyche .

That is, in understanding the symbolic meaning of a myth, you come to know the psychological undercurrent—including hidden motivations , tensions, and desires—of the people and culture.

What is the Power of Myth?

Campbell explains to Bill Moyer in The Power of Myth : 1 Joseph Campbell, The Power of Myth , 1991, 193.

Mythology is not a lie, mythology is poetry, it is metaphorical. It has been well said that mythology is the penultimate truth–penultimate because the ultimate cannot be put into words. It is beyond words. Beyond images, beyond that bounding rim of the Buddhist Wheel of Becoming. Mythology pitches the mind beyond that rim, to what can be known but not told.

As Campbell eloquently puts it in The Hero with a Thousand Faces ,

Mythology is psychology misread as biography, history, and cosmology.

Because the hero’s journey steps represent a monomyth that we can observe in most, if not all, cultures, it represents a process that is relevant to the entire human family .

What is this Process Within the Hero’s Journey?

It’s the process of personal transformation from an innocent child into a mature adult.

The child is born into a set of rules and beliefs of a group of people.

Through the child’s heroic efforts, he must break free from these conventions (transcend them) to discover himself.

In the process, the individual returns to his soul.

If we think of the hero’s journey as a roadmap for self-development, it can hold a lot of value for us.

A Quick Note About Gender: Masculine vs Feminine

This psychological decoding is based on a “Jungian” understanding of the psyche.

The hero is ultimately a masculine archetype. The female counterpart would be the heroine. While the hero and the heroine certainly share many attributes, they are not the same.

Similarly, the hero’s journey is predominantly a process of development for the masculine psyche. The hero archetype is associated with autonomy, building structure, and learning about limitations, which are qualities associated with masculine energy.

However, note that “masculine” and “feminine” are not the same as “man” and “woman.” The psyche of a man has a feminine counterpart—what Jung called the anima . The psyche of a woman has a masculine archetype called the animus . For this reason, the hero’s journey does have universal relevance.

While Western culture seems riddled with gender confusion, there are distinct differences between the masculine and the feminine psyche.

Okay, now back to our story …

The 3 Main Stages of the Hero’s Journey

Okay, so now let’s begin to break down the structure and sequence of the hero’s journey.

As Campbell explains:

The usual hero adventure begins with someone from whom something has been taken, or who feels there is something lacking in the normal experience available or permitted to the members of society. The person then takes off on a series of adventures beyond the ordinary, either to recover what has been lost or to discover some life-giving elixir. It’s usually a cycle, a coming and a returning.

This cycle of coming and returning has 3 clear stages:

Stage 1: Departure

Campbell called the initial stage departure or the call to adventure . The hero departs from the world he knows.

Luke Skywalker leaves his home planet to join Obi-Wan to save the princess. Neo gets unplugged from The Matrix with the help of Morpheus and his crew.

In the Departure stage, you leave the safety of the world you know and enter the unknown.

Campbell writes of this stage in The Hero with a Thousand Faces :

This first step of the mythological journey—which we have designated the “call to adventure”—signifies that destiny has summoned the hero and transferred his spiritual center of gravity from within the pale of his society to a zone unknown.

That is, the hero must leave the known “conventional world” and enter a “special world” that is foreign.

Stage 2: Initiation

Now the hero must face a series of trials and tribulations. The hero’s journey isn’t safe.

The hero is tested in battle, skill, and conflict. He may not succeed in each action but must press on.

The protagonist will meet allies, enemies, and mentors with supernatural aid throughout the initiation stage.

Stage 3: Return

Having endured the trials and hardships of the adventure, the hero returns home.

But the hero is no longer the same. An internal transformation has taken place through the maturation process of the experience.

Luke is now a Jedi and has come to peace with his past. Neo embraces his destiny and liberates himself from the conventions of The Matrix.

The Hero’s Journey in Drama

In Three Uses of a Knife , famed playwright David Mamet suggests a similar three-act structure for plays and dramas: 2 David Mamet, Three Uses of the Knife: On the Nature and Purpose of Drama , 2000.

Act 1: Thesis . The drama presents life as it is for the protagonist. The ordinary world.

Act 2: Antithesis . The protagonist faces opposing forces that send him into an upheaval (disharmony).

Act 3: Synthesis . The protagonist attempts to integrate the old life with the new one.

We note that problems, challenges, and upheavals are the defining characteristic of this journey.

Without problems, the path toward growth is usually left behind. (More on this topic below.)

Assessing Your Place in the Hero’s Journey

Before we explore the stages of the monomyth more closely, let’s look at what these three phases reveal about self-mastery and psychological development.

Stage 1 represents our comfort zone. We feel safe here because it is known to us.

Stages 2 and 3, however, represent the unknown . Embracing the unknown means letting go of safety.

Abraham Maslow points out that we are confronted with an ongoing series of choices throughout life between safety and growth, dependence and independence, regression and progression, immaturity and maturity.

Maslow writes in Toward a Psychology of Being : 3 Abraham Maslow, Toward a Psychology of Being , 2014.

We grow forward when the delights of growth and anxieties of safety are greater than the anxieties of growth and the delights of safety.

Is it now clear why so many of us refuse the call to adventure?

We cling to the safety of the known instead of embracing the “delight of growth” that only comes from the unknown.

Campbell’s 17 Stages of the Hero’s Journey

Joseph Campbell didn’t just outline three stages of the monomyth. In The Hero with a Thousand Faces , he deconstructs every step along the journey.

The stages of the hero’s journey are the common sequence of events that occurred in the monomyth motif.

Technically speaking, Campbell outlined 17 stages in his The Hero with a Thousand Faces:

• 1: The Call to Adventure
• 2: Refusal of the Call
• 3: Supernatural Aid
• 4: The Crossing of the First Threshold
• 5: Belly of the Whale
• 6: The Road of Trials
• 7: The Meeting with the Goddess
• 8: Woman as the Temptress
• 9: Atonement with the Father
• 10: Apotheosis
• 11: The Ultimate Boon
• 12: Refusal of the Return
• 13: The Magic Flight
• 14: Rescue from Without
• 15: The Crossing of the Return Threshold
• 16: Master of the Two Worlds
• 17: Freedom to Live

These 17 stages or hero’s journey steps can be found globally in the myths and legends throughout recorded history.

The Modified 12 Hero’s Journey Steps

Now, let’s review these stages of the hero’s journey in more detail.

I’m going to outline these steps below using a slightly simplified version from Christopher Vogler’s The Writer’s Journey: Mythic Structure for Writers .

Vogler’s model, which is used throughout Hollywood, only has 12 steps (compared to 17), and I think it does a solid job of keeping the essence of Campbell’s monomyth structure intact.

As you read these hero’s journey steps, see if you can determine how they apply to your development.

Step 1: The Ordinary World

Before a would-be hero can enter the special world, he must first live in the ordinary world.

The ordinary world is different for each of us—it represents our norms, customs, conditioned beliefs, and behaviors. The ordinary world is sometimes referred to as the “conventional world.”

In The Hobbit , the ordinary world is the Shire where Bilbo Baggins lives with all the other Hobbits—gardening, eating and celebrating—living a simple life.

Novelist J.R.R. Tolkien contrasts this life in the Shire with the special world of wizards, warriors, men, elves, dwarfs, and evil forces on the brink of world war.

Step 2: The Call to Adventure

The first hero’s journey step is the call to adventure.

The call to adventure marks a transition from the ordinary world to the special world. The hero is introduced to his quest of great consequence.

Obi-Wan said to Luke, “You must come with me to Alderaan.” That is, Luke is invited to leave the ordinary world of his aunt and uncle’s farm life and go on an adventure with a Jedi knight.

Joseph Campbell explains: 4 Joseph Campbell, The Hero’s Journey: Joseph Campbell On His Life And Work , 1990.

The call to adventure signifies that destiny has summoned the hero and transferred his spiritual center of gravity from within the pale of this society to a zone unknown.

Step 3: Refusal of the Call

Fear of change as well as death, however, often leads the hero to refuse the call to adventure .

The ordinary world represents our comfort zone; the special world signifies the unknown.

Luke Skywalker immediately responds to Obi-Wan, “I can’t go with you,” citing his chores and responsibilities at home.

Step 4: Meeting the Mentor

Campbell called this archetype the “mentor with supernatural aid.”

Generally, at an early stage of the adventure, the hero is graced by the presence of a wise sage . Personified in stories as a magical counselor , a reclusive hermit, or a wise leader, the mentor’s role is to help guide the hero.

Think Obi-Wan, Yoda, Gandalf, Morpheus, or Dumbledore. Sometimes cloaked in mystery and secret language, a mentor manifests when the hero is ready.

Sadly, our modern world is depleted of wise elders or shamans who can effectively bless the younger generation. (A topic for a different day.) For most of us, it is best to seek wise counsel from your inner guide , the Self within.

Step 5: Cross the First Threshold

The hero resists change initially but is ultimately forced to make a critical decision: embark on the adventure or forever remain in the ordinary world with its illusion of security.

Although Luke refuses the call to adventure initially, when he returns home to see his aunt and uncle dead, he immediately agrees to go with Obi-Wan. He crossed the first threshold.

In one sense, the first threshold is the point of no return. Once the hero shoots across the unstable suspension bridge, it bursts into flames.

There’s no turning back, at least, not how he came.

The first threshold can mark a major decision in our personal lives:

• “I’m going to travel around the globe.”
• “I’m going to transform my physical health.”
• “I am going to write a book.”
• “I’m going to master the flute.”
• “I’m going to realize my true nature.”

This first breakthrough is a feat within itself; however, it is only the first of many turning points.

Step 6: Tests, Allies, Enemies

Along the hero’s journey, the main character encounters many obstacles and allies.

Luke meets Obiwan (mentor), Han Solo, Princess Leia, and the rebel alliance while fighting many foes. Neo meets Morpheus (mentor), Trinity, and the rest of the Nebuchadnezzar crew while having to fight Agents in a strange world.

Some people may try to stop you along your quest—possibly saying you’re unreasonable or unrealistic. These “dream-stoppers” are often cleverly masked as friends and family who appear to have positive intentions but hinder your development nonetheless.

Your ability to identify obstructions on your path and align with support along your adventure is critical to your adventure.

Unfortunately, because few complete their hero’s journey to mature adulthood, most people will unconsciously attempt to sabotage yours.

Step 7: Approach to the Inmost Cave

The next significant threshold is often more treacherous than the first.

Entering the villain’s castle or the evil billionaire’s mansion, this second major decision usually puts the hero at significant physical and psychological risks.

Neo decides to go save Morpheus who’s being held in a building filled with Agents.

Within the walls of the innermost cave lies the cornerstone of the special world where the hero closes in on his objective.

For a man, the innermost cave represents the Mother Complex, a regressive part of him that seeks to return to the safety of the mother. 5 Robert Johnson, He: Understanding Masculine Psychology, 1989.  When a man seeks safety and comfort—when he demands pampering—it means he’s engulfed within the innermost cave.

For a woman, the innermost cave often represents learning how to surrender to the healing power of nurturance—to heal the handless maiden. 6 Robert Johnson, The Fisher King and the Handless Maiden: Understanding the Wounded Feeling Function in Masculine and Feminine Psychology , 1995.

Step 8: Ordeal

No worthwhile adventure is easy. There are many perils on the path to growth, self-discovery , and self-realization.

A major obstacle confronts the hero, and the future begins to look dim: a trap, a mental imprisonment, or imminent defeat on the battlefield.

It seems like the adventure will come to a sad conclusion, as all hope appears lost. But hope remains and it is in these moments of despair when the hero must access a hidden part of himself—one more micron of energy, strength, faith, or creativity to find his way out of the belly of the beast.

Neo confronts Agent Smith in the subway station—something that was never done before. The hero must call on an inner power he doesn’t know he possesses.

Step 9: Reward

Having defeated the enemy and slain the dragon, the hero receives the prize. Pulling the metaphorical sword from the stone, the hero achieves the objective he set out to complete.

Whether the reward is monetary, physical, romantic, or spiritual, the hero transforms. Usually, the initial prize sought by the hero is physical—the sword in the stone or a physical treasure of some kind.

Step 10: The Road Back

Alas, the adventure isn’t over yet. There usually needs to be one last push to return home. Now the hero must return to the world from which he came with the sacred elixir.

Challenges still lie ahead in the form of villains, roadblocks, and inner demons. The hero must deal with whatever issues were left unresolved at this stage of the journey.

Taking moral inventory, examining the Shadow , and performing constant self-inquiry help the hero identify weaknesses and blindspots that will later play against him.

Step 11:  Resurrection

Before returning home—before the adventure is over—there’s often one more unsuspected, unforeseen ordeal.

This final threshold, which may be more difficult than the prior moment of despair, provides one last test to solidify the growth of the hero. This threshold represents the final climax.

Neo is shot and killed by Agent Smith. And, he literally resurrects to confront the enemy one last time following his transformation.

The uncertain Luke Skywalker takes that “one in a million” shot from his X-Wing to destroy the Death Star.

Step 12: Return with the Elixir

Often, the prize the hero initially sought (in Step 9) becomes secondary as a result of the personal transformation he undergoes.

Perhaps the original quest was financially driven , but now the hero takes greater satisfaction in serving others in need. The real change is always internal .

In this final stage, the hero can become the master of both worlds , with the freedom to live and grow, impacting all of humanity.

Returning with the prize, the hero’s experience of reality is different. The person is no longer an innocent child or adolescent seeking excitement or adventure.

Comfortable in his own skin, he has evolved and is now capable of handling the demands and challenges of everyday life.

The Hero’s Journey in Films

Are you now more aware of how these hero’s journey steps play out in popular films and television series?

George Lucas was friends with Joseph Campbell. Lucas used these hero’s journey steps from Campbell’s The Hero with a Thousand Faces to produce the original Star Wars film. 7 https://billmoyers.com/content/mythology-of-star-wars-george-lucas/

It’s difficult to appreciate the impact Star Wars still has on American culture and around the world. It’s even more difficult to articulate how much of that impact is attributed to Campbell’s insights.

However, one challenge our culture faces is that many popular film franchises produce movies that, most often, never complete the hero’s journey.

Many popular characters in action films like Marvel and DC Comics superheroes, James Bond, Ethan Hunt (Mission Impossible), Indiana Jones, etc. never actually transform.

These characters stay in the adolescent stage of development (and we tend to celebrate that reality).

These heroes don’t evolve into the warm, vulnerable, generative adults who no longer seek adventure and excitement.

That said, since I originally published this guide in early 2018, this has begun to change.

For example, in the final Bond film, No Time to Die (2021), James Bond did demonstrate some generative growth.

The same goes for Tony Stark’s character (Ironman) in Avengers: Endgame (2019).

Where Are You On Your Hero’s Journey?

More importantly, do you see how these hero’s journey steps are unfolding in your life?

Although each of our stories is unique, they have common threads—elements of this universal structure we all share.

Returning from the moment of despair—from inside the dragon’s lair—without the reward (or lesson), you are presented with a similar adventure repeated ad infinitum —until you either learn the lesson or give up.

In the beginning, the hero’s journey is about achievement.

Whether you’re trying to build a successful business, raise a family, write a screenplay, travel to a distant land, or become a skilled artist, these all represent external achievements that often launch us into our hero’s journey.

But through this external quest—if we become more conscious—the journey transitions to an emphasis on internal growth that leads to transformation.

The Hero isn’t an expression of mature adulthood. This archetype is a by-product of adolescence. The archetypes of adulthood are different, but to access them, we must complete the hero’s journey first .

The Primary Ingredient in Every Hero’s Journey

Compelling stories and real life comes down to one thing: problems .

The protagonist faces a problem and tries to overcome it. Problems represent the essence of drama and the key to good storytelling.  Without problems, there’s no story. Problems engage us, tantalizing the human mind.

The hero must face his problems, surmount his fears, resolve his tensions, or fail.

The same is true for our development: without problems and tensions, there can be no growth.

Psychological development is the process of overcoming setbacks, limitations, and conditioned behavior to reach maturity.

Refusing the Call to Adventure

Few people ever fully embrace the Hero’s Journey, a psychological odyssey that leads the individual to wholeness .

Because of our fear of the unknown, many refuse the call to adventure. We delay our journey in many ways:

• Put important things aside.
• Procrastinate.
• Distract ourselves with TV, social media, and other people’s lives.
• Make excuses.
• Stay stuck in the lazy part .
• Focus on competing with others.

But something brews inside of us. An internal tension builds. The tension may be small at first, but it grows stronger in the darkness. Tensions are those opposing forces at play within us. This internal conflict creates disharmony.

Humans don’t like disharmony when it bubbles into consciousness, and so these internal tensions can catapult us out of the familiar. The feeling of discord can lead to action and ultimately, some resolution.

Maybe you’re currently embracing your hero’s journey. Or perhaps you’ve been refusing the call. It matters not. What matters is what you do today— right now .

How to Embrace Your Hero’s Journey, Step by Step

The main thing you need to do to embrace your hero’s journey is stay present.

Remember, as Campbell explained, “You are the hero of your own story.”

Psychological development is supposed to be a natural process. But we aren’t currently in a world that supports healthy development.

As such, it’s vital to listen within .

Here are a few guides that may serve you:

• Access Your Inner Guide
• How to Ground Yourself
• How to Stay in Your Center
• How to Overcome Internal Resistance

Ultimately, be mindful of your fears and aspirations.

Left unchecked, your fears can subconsciously lead you to endlessly refuse the call to adventure.

In contrast, your aspirations can help you embrace your adventure.

As Joseph Campbell often said,

Follow your bliss!

Videos Related to the Hero’s Journey Steps

Book related to the hero’s journey steps.

The hero’s journey steps are outlined in the books referenced throughout this guide:

The Hero with a Thousand Faces by Joseph Campbell

The Power of Myth by Joseph Campbell

Joseph Campbell’s Mythos Lecture Series (DVD)

The Writer’s Journey by Christopher Vogler

How to Be an Adult by David Richo

What Do You Think?

Are you going through the hero’s journey steps?

About the Author

Scott Jeffrey is the founder of CEOsage, a self-leadership resource publishing in-depth guides read by millions of self-actualizing individuals. He writes about self-development, practical psychology, Eastern philosophy, and integrated practices. For 25 years, Scott was a business coach to high-performing entrepreneurs, CEOs, and best-selling authors. He's the author of four books including Creativity Revealed .

Learn more >

I would like to understand the Hero’s journey. Joseph Campbell describes it as something that has been taken/lost or life giving. How do I know if my hero’s journey has been done?

If you’re examining the hero’s journey from the perspective of individuation — that is, the journey to mature adulthood — it takes many years to come to wholeness within oneself.

Psychologically speaking, the hero’s journey is inward. The characters you meet (like the Mentor) are within yourself. So it involves active imagination in bringing the archetype into some form of harmony within yourself.

You have mentioned a choice to stay in the comfort of safety or the unknow for growth. I am wondering if this is done in a Psychological manner where your life’s circumstances stay as they are or you physically live in a different environment, leaving your surroundings, people and material responsibilities etc.. Hope you can answer this for me.

If you’re a young adult, there’s often an external aspect to the hero’s journey — for example, leaving home and separating from one’s parents. But what Campbell was highlighting with the monomyth is ultimately a psychological process akin to Jungian individuation: https://scottjeffrey.com/individuation-process/

I want to share my thoughts on the heroes journey. After reading the twelve steps, and what you said- I quote “Step 12: Return with the Elixir Often, the prize the hero initially sought (in Step 9) becomes secondary as a result of the personal transformation he undergoes.

Perhaps the original quest was financially driven, but now the hero takes greater satisfaction in serving others in need.

The real change is always internal.

In this final stage, the hero can become the master of both worlds, with the freedom to live and grow, impacting all of humanity.”

My favorite movie for a while now has been The Peaceful Warrior, I have just watched Coach Carter. They seem to tell the same story and I think the story of The Heroes Journey. You have mentioned Star Wars, James Bond and the Matrix.

In the movies The Peaceful Warrior, and Coach Carter, the achievement earned is an inward spiritualism that is, I quote” impacting all of humanity.” Thank-you.

If The Peaceful Warrior is your favorite movie, read Dan Millman’s “The Way of the Peaceful Warrior” — the book the film is based on. Much deeper insights. It’s a magical book — especially when you’re just setting out on your self-discovery journey.

I have read about 25% so far, I am not a good reader. I give myself three pages each day, yet often I’m reading more. It is as if the movie is replaying and I’m able to go with it, imaging the main characters. There is more information from reading than watching the movie, though I am thinking there is a lot of fiction, as it has been described on the net. Though I just need to adhere to the believable parts. I don’t know if it is possible to remember the day’s events that happened during college. For example, what people said, what they were doing throughout the day. My college day’s I can only remember situations that happened all dispersed from one another, with only a few minutes recalled. Does someone like yourself able to recall conversations and put them as dialogs for a book? Or is it a writer’s privilege to invent these for the book?

“The Peaceful Warrior” is a work of fiction. The genre is technically called “visionary fiction.”

There is a passage in the book where Socrates say’s “Mind is an illusory reflection of cerebral fidgeting. It comprises all the random uncontrolled thoughts that bubble into awareness from the subconscious. Consciousness is not the mind; awareness is not mind; attention is not mind. Mind is an obstruction, an aggravation, a primal weakness in the human experiment. It is a kind of evolutionary mistake in the human being. I have no use for the mind.” I don’t think think this way because what we have as humans is natural and so it has a purpose. I am interested if you would give an opinion on this statement Socrates said.

For the most part, I agree with Millman’s statements. They are also consistent with much of the Eastern traditions. An essential aspect of the meditative traditions is to “pacify the mind”. They sometimes even use stronger longer of “killing the mind.” But at other times, they make the distinction between the “aware mind” versus the “monkey mind” or the “shining mind” versus the “stirring mind.” But in terms of the untrained mind (which is the mind of over 99% of people), I agree with Millman. I just wouldn’t call it “evolutionary.”

Millman would have already made ethical judgment towards any begger, so, he should not have thought twice about ignoring him. But because his story, is going through a transformation, he had these menacing mind talks. Do you think if you were in the same situation as him, would you give the begger money or use your self-consciousness to clear negative mind noise? I am wondering if a second time in the same situation would make one change their reaction…

This is quoted from the book; “A scrawny young teenager came up to me. “Spare some change, can’t you?” “No, sorry,” I said, not feeling sorry at all. As I walked away I thought, “Get a job.” Then vague guilts came into my mind; I’d said no to a penniless beggar. Angry thoughts arose. “He shouldn’t walk up to people like that!” I was halfway down the block before I realized all the mental noise i had tuned in to, and the tension it was causing – just because some guy had asked me for money and I’d said no. In that instant I let it go.”

I finished the peaceful warrior and found it enjoyable. The preview of Dan’s second book (Sacred Journey of the peaceful warrior) sums up what he was expressing through his life.

There was one part I have heard before where the dialog between Dan and Soc was flat, with no meaning. Thank-you.

I would like to balance the four functions Jung describes (thinking, feeling, sensation and intuition) in your Individuation Process page. How do I know when feeling and sensation are active in everyday events? Could you give me an example? Thank-you.

Brett, please use the related guide page to address your questions.

The Individuation process page has not got a comments section.

I was walking in the bush on a moonlit windy night. The moving branches displayed a moving shadow, I was startled at first thought someone was behind me. Then I put the moonlight and the moving branches together and summed up what had happened without turning around. Was my thinking a Feeling, thinking, intuition or sensation? Thank-you.

I didn’t realize the comment sections weren’t open on that other guide. The psychological types represent our dominant orientations for processing information. When you were startled, was your attention on your body or the fear itself? Was your mind focused on “what could that be”? No need to answer here.

But the main thing about psychological types, from a Jungian perspective, is to understand what your dominant and inferior types are so you can develop your weakest side. Taking an Enneagram assessment test can help you determine your dominant type. In that system, it’s either thinking, feeling, or sensing.

Thank-you for your reply. You gave me an example of what I believe would be my dominant (being the first impression of the event) type. The second instance you described, is that too my dominant type? I do already know what it was that brings me fear. Can you follow up with this scenario? I have done enneagram questions before, and I am hopeless in giving a true response as all multiple question apply to equally.

“I have done enneagram questions before, and I am hopeless in giving a true response as all multiple question apply to equally.”

In my experience, when people say things like this, it’s often because they are “out of center” and analyzing things in their heads. If, for example, you read detailed descriptions of each Type, there’s no way you’re going to relate equally to all of them. Only one (sometimes a few) will strike a deep cord within you. It may leave you feeling “raw” and exposed.

Using the example you provided isn’t really going to help in this context. Do you mostly live in your head (mind/thoughts/analysis), your body (gut/sensations/sensory perception), or feelings? We all use all of them, but one tends to be more dominant than the others.

Thank-you. I agree with you Quote “If, for example, you read detailed descriptions of each Type, there’s no way you’re going to relate equally to all of them”. You might think I’m procrastinating as I want to work this out. Quote” Superior Function versus Inferior Function We like to do things we’re good at and avoid doing things in which we feel inadequate. Thus, we develop specific skills while undeveloped capacities remain in the unconscious. Jung grouped these four functions into pairs: thinking and feeling, sensing and intuiting”. Follow me for a sec, I have determined my superior function is Thinking, that would leave my inferior function to feeling. I assume sensing and intuition would be in the middle. I’m going to give the answer that you will give to my question, how do I bring the four functions to the middle? Answer ; center yourself. Do you agree or tell me what I should be doing?

Brett, I can’t really speak to what you should be doing. From a Jungian perspective (as well as transpersonal psychology), you would develop your inferior function and grow in that line of intelligence. I borrow the concept of the Center from the Taoist tradition. Western psychology mainly seeks to build a healthy ego while Eastern traditions mainly focus on transcending the ego.

Is the answer to “center yourself”? Sure. But most likely you’ll only be able to do this temporarily (representing a “state” of consciousness), while if you develop via various practices, you establish different structural changes that become more stable.

How to Center Yourself.

I like this article and want to learn more. I’m sending you my questions in this article as there isn’t a comments section.

I have so many questions, do I really need these answered to be comfortable with learning? Or should I take a calming with acceptance approach, that will eventually find the answers I seek? Should I go ahead and ask… ok I will ask. In the four centers, take in information via the physical center, interpret experience via the emotional center, evaluate the world via the mental center. Could all be take in information? Thank-you.

Brett, I just opened the comment section on that centering guide. Please post your question there and then I’ll reply.

Is it always a Heroes journey to take on what seems an insurmountable task? I see this at the beginning of inspirational films. Thank-you.

Always be careful with the term “always.”

Remember that what Campbell was ultimately highlighting with his monomyth structure was a psychological process of development. So it’s best to keep that in context.

Insurmountable tasks can sometimes be a catalyst for one’s journey, but this is not always the case.

In films and storytelling, you need major a problem for the hero/protagonist to face. Otherwise, there’s no story.

With what you said in keeping the psychological process in context. I was thinking of the film where a football coach leaves a successful career in the city, to coach no-hoper orphans in the country. My first impression was that the coach is on a hero’s journey with much to lose but great inward comfort to gain. Now I think it is the orphan footballers who are on a hero’s journey, (by leading as an example of being an orphan and becoming successful to inspire them to do the same) to stand up with confidence to be equal to the rest of the world. The movie is twelve mighty orphans. Is this reasonable thinking and do you see different interpretation? Thank-you

I can’t really comment as I haven’t seen the film. In any decent film, multiple characters have “arcs.” In many cases, the coach in sports films plays the mentor/sage role but then has his own transformation as well. This is the case with Gandalf the Gray who has to “die” and be resurrected, transforming into Gandalf the White.

Merry Christmas Scott digital guide. Type to you soon:)

Does the hero’s journey have the same thoughts and feelings for a woman as a man?

From a Jungian perspective, the process would be different.

As Jungian Robert A. Johnson highlights in many of his books, the myths related to the feminine psyche are different than the myths related to the masculine. As such, they follow a different structure and aim.

That said, because there’s an anima in each male psyche and an animus in each female psyche, a part of us can relate to the hero’s journey in its totality. Hence, a heroine can go on a similar hero’s journey as a man.

What an excellent and thorough treatment. Thanks for these invaluable insights for my writing class.

Thank you for the feedback, Craig!

I love this observation about modern cinematic heroes: “Many popular characters in action films like Marvel and DC Comics superheroes, James Bond, Ethan Hunt (Mission Impossible), Indiana Jones, etc. never actually transform.”

Have you written elsewhere at greater length on this topic? I thought I read an article on this topic a few years back but don’t remember where! Certainly the weightiness of the observation was such a lightbulb moment.

Thanks and kind regards M.

You can find a more detailed archetypal decoding of the hero here:

https://scottjeffrey.com/hero-archetype/

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Götterdämmerung : Rhine Journey

Richard WAGNER

At-A-Glance

Listen to audio:

Composed: 1874

Length: c. 10 minutes

Orchestration: piccolo, 3 flutes, 3 oboes, English horn, 3 clarinets, bass clarinet, 3 bassoons, 8 horns (2 = Wagner tubas), 3 trumpets, bass trumpet, 3 trombones, bass trombone (= contrabass trombone), tuba, timpani, triangle, cymbals, side drum, glockenspiel, 4 harps, and strings

First Los Angeles Philharmonic performance: April 16, 1922, Walter Henry Rothwell conducting

About this Piece

“Siegfried’s Rhine Journey” functions as an orchestral interlude between the Prologue and Act I of Götterdämmerung , as Brünnhilde sends Siegfried off to seek new adventures, riding her horse and carrying her shield toward the Rhine and his fate. The music progresses from the near silence of the dawn (in the brass) to moments of intense string writing that gives way to the “Hero” motive as Siegfried sets out on his river journey.

ABOUT GÖTTERDÄMMERUNG

In the beginning was Siegfried: that is, the poem Siegfrieds Tod (Siegfried’s Death). This long, lyrical poem that Wagner completed in November of 1848 eventually became the fourth and last “music drama” of his monumental tetralogy Der Ring des Nibelungen. Little did Wagner know at the time that Siegfrieds Tod was the substantial seed from which the other three operas would spring and that this poem/libretto was itself the first draft of what would be renamed Götterdämmerung (Twilight of the Gods). For upon completion of Siegfrieds Tod , Wagner realized that the poem he’d penned assumed too great a knowledge of the Nibelungen myth on the part of his audience. As a consequence, and to fill in the gaps, he wrote the poem/libretto Der junge Siegfried , (The Young Siegfried, later to become simply Siegfried), to which he then appended Die Walküre (The Valkyrie) and Das Rheingold (The Rhinegold) in that order, extending backward through time. As Thomas Mann would write in the opening line of his own tetralogy, Joseph and His Brothers , “Very deep is the well of the past.”

Wagner completed the massive poem Der Ring des Nibelungen on December 15, 1852, as an exile in Switzerland, resulting from his anarchist activities and participation in the Dresden rebellion of May 1849. Importantly, and prior to completing the three opera librettos following Siegfrieds Tod , Wagner interrupted that work to produce three theoretical essays on the nature of opera that shaped his aesthetic/compositional approach to the genre and the articulation of his concept of “music drama” for the rest of his career: Art and Revolution (1849), The Art Work of the Future (1850), and Opera and Drama (1852). These essays encompassed drama, music, politics, myth, religion, et al. Wagner wrote them while under the spell of the greatly influential German philosopher Ludwig Feuerbach (1804-1872). Here is Feuerbach’s philosophy, stated very briefly and simplified to the nth degree: humans are the creators of gods, thus religion is a construct of the human mind that reveals fundamental truths about ourselves; the very essence of human life is love; since there are no gods in reality, humans are responsible for their own actions; god-like characteristics that human beings have regarded as divine for millennia are in fact human – we are divine.

Feuerbach’s was not the only philosophy that informed Wagner’s thoughts at this time; he was deeply influenced by philosophical anarchism as well. Aspects of this philosophy in The Ring were that the original state of nature is idyllic and harmless; an imposition of law-governed orders such as marriage, property, and money are evil; and that property is theft, etc. On the flip side, however, it is by means of love that human beings can live harmoniously with each other, and nature without property, money, laws, or government – love will hold it all together.

These are several non-musical themes [artistically] transformed by Wagner in The Ring : the rejection of love and the pursuit of power as embodied in the possession of the ring (Alberich and Wotan); the violation of the natural order through imposed contractual law (Wotan’s spear). Possession of power and gold usurps love at every level of The Ring. This is true even for Siegfried and Brünnhilde in Götterdämmerung , until the very end, when Brünnhilde, in the ultimate act of self-sacrifice [for love of Siegfried], rides horseback onto his funeral pyre with the ring, thereby cleansing it of its curse and destroying the old order of the gods.

-Steven Lacoste

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