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U.S. Travel Report: State of the American Workforce and its Impact on Travel

Jan 7, 2022

- With 11 million job openings, the COVID-19 pandemic undoubtedly left drastic and long-lasting impacts on the American workforce. The loss of jobs, however, was most severe among our very own industry—total travel and tourism supported jobs plummeted 34% between 2019 and 2020—declining from 16.7 million in 2019 to 11.1 million, on average, in 2020. And despite gains through the summer, leisure and hospitality still represents 34% of all job losses and remains 8% below its pre-pandemic levels as of November.

After enduring a pandemic, swift and widespread job losses and furloughs, changes to how and where we work and the time to self-reflect and reevaluate long-term career goals, the American workforce is forever changed.

This report analyzes how the pandemic impacted the current state of the workforce including:

• Employment shifts as a result of COVID-19
• Disproportionate impact on minorities and regional differences
• Primary reasons for workforce shortages
• Perceptions of travel and tourism careers
• Top employment considerations for today's workforce
• Industry recommendations, quotes, call outs and industry examples providing unique perspectives and
• Potential solutions on addressing the current hiring landscape

Not all these challenges we face are new… The pandemic's effect on the stability of a job in the travel industry… has only exacerbated these vulnerabilities… making it clear that a shift in thinking and strategy around rebuilding the travel workforce is critical—for now and far into the future.

Access the report: CLICK HERE

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The Future of the American Travel Workforce

Staff shortages continue to trouble hotels, restaurants, airports, and more—but this could be an opportunity to rebuild a more diverse, dynamic travel industry..

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Where have all the workers gone?

Illustration by Shutterstock

Editor’s note: This is one in a series of op-eds for AFAR by Roger Dow, president and CEO of U.S. Travel Association , the Washington, D.C.-based organization representing all segments of travel in America. U.S. Travel’s mission is to increase travel to and within the United States.

It’s a big week for the U.S. travel industry: This is National Travel and Tourism Week (NTTW, May 1–7, 2022), a sort-of annual reunion of travel professionals across the United States to reflect on the year past—celebrating what the industry accomplished—and plan for the future.

There is much to celebrate: While international and business travel are still down, domestic leisure travel has nearly fully recovered to prepandemic levels.

While we’ll continue to work toward recovery, we know we can’t go back to the way things were. Effecting real change is largely dependent on our industry’s ability to rebuild and retain a diverse and dynamic workforce.

Through a fresh vision emerging from the pandemic years, America’s travel industry is preparing for a future that will be more sustainable, innovative, and secure.

A moment to rebuild

Employment statistics have been sobering: There were more jobs lost in travel and hospitality than in any other sector. The Leisure and Hospitality (L&H) sector alone accounted for 11 percent of prepandemic U.S. employment but represented a staggering 93 percent of all jobs lost as of March 2022.

While this is clearly a setback, it also presents an opportunity to rebuild to become more competitive with other industries. The travel industry generates good, well-paying jobs that provide stability and upward mobility to families in every pocket of America. Our industry can offer extremely competitive wages, which is crucial to rebuilding the travel workforce. In fact, average hourly earnings for L&H employees were 20 percent above 2019 levels in March —greater than the 14 percent increase for the private sector overall.

A path for upward mobility

This is also an industry in which workers can truly move up the ladder and gain valuable skills along the way. Travel builds a robust pipeline of talent through apprenticeships, mentoring, and hospitality management training programs. These efforts equip hospitality leaders with next-generation skills that instill a sense of purpose and mission.

I know this because I have directly experienced the tremendous upward mobility this industry creates. I took my first job as a pool manager at a Marriott hotel in 1966, then moved up through housekeeping and into sales. From there, I led sales and marketing jobs at hotels in 12 different cities before joining Marriott’s corporate headquarters in 1983 as head of marketing. Ten years later, an opportunity emerged to lead Marriott’s 10,000-person-strong global sales team. That first job I had at Marriott led me to a decades-long career built on invaluable and highly transferable skills.

So, how do we ensure others can benefit similarly from a career in travel?

Show workers the opportunities in travel jobs

The U.S. travel industry must do more to showcase this phenomenal industry to job seekers. As of November 2021, the labor force participation rate was nearly 62 percent—equating to 2.4 million fewer Americans in the workforce than at the same time in 2019.

While this is troubling news, it presents a unique opportunity. The travel industry is a supportive bridge for Americans looking to re-enter the workforce in a dynamic economy. When we are recruiting for new talent, we must convey to job seekers that travel jobs are highly accessible and flexible. Many entry-level workers can find work in travel—as front desk staff, housekeepers, lifeguards, and more. These jobs offer the much-needed training to cultivate essential soft skills, such as communication, dedication, confidence, leadership, flexibility, customer service, and problem-solving.

U.S. Travel Association recently forged a partnership with Tourism Diversity Matters to help attract a more diverse workforce and foster these skills. Tourism Diversity Matters was founded in 2021 to address the gaps of ethnic disparities within the tourism and events industry to engage, recruit, and retain a diverse workforce. Specifically, Tourism Diversity Matters leads an apprenticeship program that engages underrepresented college students by providing hands-on experience in tourism and hospitality. Training workers to be more productive and prosperous in the workplace doesn’t just serve the individuals—it will also benefit employers and the communities they serve.

Looking to the future

This National Travel and Tourism Week, I am proud to join colleagues across the country in envisioning the bright future and limitless opportunities for travel’s next generation. Travelers and the U.S. travel industry have endured so much during the pandemic, but this is a chance to reimagine the industry to be more dynamic, resilient, and forward-looking than before the public health crisis. It all starts with building a diverse and talented workforce.

>>Next: The Future of Hospitality Is . . .

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State of the american workforce and its impact on travel.

REPORT December 16, 2021

With 11 million job openings, the COVID-19 pandemic undoubtedly left drastic and long-lasting impacts on the American workforce . The loss of jobs, however, was most severe among our very own industry—total travel and tourism supported jobs plummeted 34% between 2019 and 2020—declining from 16.7 million in 2019 to 11.1 million, on average, in 2020. And despite gains through the summer, leisure and hospitality still represents 34% of all job losses and remains 8% below its pre-pandemic levels as of November .

After enduring a pandemic, swift and widespread job losses and furloughs, changes to how and where we work and the time to self-reflect and reevaluate long-term career goals, the American workforce is forever changed.

This report analyzes how the pandemic impacted the current state of the workforce including:

• Employment shifts as a result of COVID-19
• Disproportionate impact on minorities and regional differences
• Primary reasons for workforce shortages
• Perceptions of travel and tourism careers
• Top employment considerations for today’s workforce
• Industry recommendations, quotes, call outs and industry examples providing unique perspectives and
• Potential solutions on addressing the current hiring landscape

Not all these challenges we face are new… The pandemic’s effect on the stability of a job in the travel industry… has only exacerbated these vulnerabilities… making it clear that a shift in thinking and strategy around rebuilding the travel workforce is critical—for now and far into the future.

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Travel Forecast

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ISS Travel Services

ISS has provided mission critical and business travel services to the government and commercial companies for more than 18 years. We specialize in assisting small to midsize government contractors meet the stringent requirements of federally funded travel while providing travel services to government agencies worldwide.

Business Travel

Our ISS Travel Office has a well-established team of qualified, seasoned personnel readily available to implement, operate, and manage travel services for federal agencies and contractors. Whether your organization needs one travel transaction, or it requires a volume Blanket Purchase Agreement for travel services, ISS staff can meet the need. Our staff is knowledgeable about government accounting requirements and Federal Travel Regulations. Each agency and each contractor may have additional travel policies and procedures which supplement those of the FTRs. ISS offers 24/7 customer service and support, automated quality control, travel management reporting, savings programs that continually search for lowest fares, and on-line booking tools and credit card programs.

Government Travel

With Government clients, ISS has routinely handled travel with special government pricing and U.S. Government travel regulations. ISS agents utilize government contracts, commercially available fares, discounts, and combinations as appropriate for bookings to provide the least possible cost to the government. In the 18 years ISS has provided travel services, compliance to our clients’ service level requirements has been excellent. Customer surveys indicate that more than 99 percent of the time, respondents rank ISS staff members as good, very good or excellent. We have developed a very dynamic and open-ended travel offering that seamlessly integrates with our clients’ systems.

Online Travel Services

Our focus is always traveler engagement. We provide a total trip management platform exclusively for ISS travelers, travel managers and travel arrangers. Our cloud-based platform is designed to keep travelers in-program, guide spending decisions, improve compliance and provide duty of care utilizing the latest technology and mobile solutions.

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With three decades of family ownership, we prioritize clients and employees. Our focus is on connecting skilled talents with local top employers through advanced training and technology. Experience national-level resources with a personal touch, all from a trusted family-owned business.

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Exploring opportunities in light industrial careers.

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In the dynamic landscape of the job market, light industrial careers stand out as a realm of promising opportunities. From manufacturing and production to warehousing and logistics, these careers offer a diverse range of roles for individuals seeking stable employment...

Mastering the Art of Professional Interviewing: Best Practices for Successful Recruiting

by Kristin Probst | Mar 13, 2024

In the evolving landscape of professional recruitment, interviews stand as the pivotal gateway between candidates and their dream jobs. As an employer or hiring manager, mastering the art of interviewing is crucial for not only identifying top talent but also...

Celebrating Excellence: Honoring STARS Program Graduates at ISS

by Kristin Probst | Mar 1, 2024

In a testament to commitment and growth within our company, we take great pride in honoring the outstanding achievements of the STARS Program graduates at ISS. Kiley McDonald, Assistant Call Center Manager; Kimberly Mitchell, Onsite Manager; and Breea Brown, Assistant...

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Henkell Freixenet temporarily cuts Spanish workforce

G erman wine and spirits group Henkell Freixenet is temporarily reducing its Spanish workforce due to drought conditions and lower yields in the country.

The Spanish Cava vintner is cutting its workforce by roughly 80% – or some 615 workers – as drought conditions grip the Penedes area of Catalonia.

Spain has a worker dismissal mechanism that allows companies to reduce staff temporarily when in difficult situations. The company has cited extreme drought in Catalonia as a key factor in its decision.

The regional government in Catalonia declared a state of emergency in February as the area experienced drought conditions for a fourth consecutive year. Measures such as reduced water consumption for households and agricultural operations have been put in place.

In 2023, Spain’s wine production is estimated to have fallen 14% amid volatile weather conditions. In late August, temperatures rose to 40 degrees Celsius, occurring when groundwater reserves were already low.

Elsewhere in Spain, the Aragón region also experienced low levels of rain last year. Later ripening crops in October then suffered from wet weather that hampered harvesting.

Henkell Freixenet was formed in 2018 when Germany’s Henkell & Co bought majority control of Spanish sparkling peer Freixenet.

In 2023, the privately-owned Henkell Freixenet generated net sales of €1.23bn ($1.3bn) (excluding excise taxes), up 4.1% year on year.

Sparkling wine sales grew 6%, spirits by 11%, but still-wine sales fell 8%.

The group's total staff in 2023 rose by 2% to 3,623 employees.

"Henkell Freixenet temporarily cuts Spanish workforce" was originally created and published by Just Drinks , a GlobalData owned brand.

The information on this site has been included in good faith for general informational purposes only. It is not intended to amount to advice on which you should rely, and we give no representation, warranty or guarantee, whether express or implied as to its accuracy or completeness. You must obtain professional or specialist advice before taking, or refraining from, any action on the basis of the content on our site.

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Zaslav Receives $50 Million for Leading Struggling Warner Bros. Discovery

The chief executive’s 2023 pay package rose 26 percent from the year before, while the company’s losses totaled $3 billion.

By Brooks Barnes

Reporting from Los Angeles

David Zaslav , the chief executive of Warner Bros. Discovery, received $49.7 million in compensation last year, a 26 percent increase from the previous year, according to a proxy statement filed on Friday with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

It is common for chief executives in media to receive lavish pay packages. Mr. Zaslav’s compensation for 2023 is notable, however, because Warner Bros. Discovery is not exactly a portrait of health . Losses totaled $3 billion in 2023, which was actually an improvement from $7 billion in losses the year before. Revenue fell 4 percent, largely because of the company’s atrophying cable television business, which includes CNN.

In addition, Warner Bros. Discovery shareholders sent a clear message about Mr. Zaslav’s pay at the company’s most recent annual meeting: It’s too high.

In a nonbinding “say on pay” vote, only 50.8 percent of shareholders approved of the $39.3 million he was paid in 2022. Approval by less than 70 percent is considered “low support” by ISS, a leading corporate governance firm.

For 2023, the Warner Bros. Discovery board adjusted compensation formulas for its top executives. The adjustment involved certain bonuses — tying them more to the generation of free cash flow , which is helpful in paying down debt, and less to the company’s stock price. (Shares have lately traded at about $8, down from $24 two years ago.)

In terms of free cash flow, Warner Bros. Discovery had a spectacular 2023. Free cash flow totaled $6.2 billion, an 86 percent increase from the year before, vastly more than Wall Street had expected. That was partly a result of improved financials at the company’s streaming division, which became profitable. The union strikes that shut down Hollywood for six months also contributed, saving on production costs.

The money allowed Warner Bros. Discovery to trim its total debt by 11 percent, to $44.2 billion, in 2023.

Mr. Zaslav’s compensation for 2023 included a $3 million base salary and long-term stock awards of $23 million, according to the proxy. He also received $22 million in cash, a payment guaranteed by a 2021 employment contract and related to his role in merging Discovery and WarnerMedia . (In 2021, Mr. Zaslav, then running Discovery, received compensation valued at $246.6 million.) An additional $1.6 million was related to security and personal use of the corporate jet.

“We were impacted by the changing landscape of advertising spending and continued weakness in the advertising market overall; declines in linear television viewing; increased competition from other traditional media companies and the enhanced presence of large technology companies in the media space; lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on movie-theater attendance,” Warner Bros. Discovery said in the proxy.

Despite those challenges, Mr. Zaslav “provided exceptional leadership and delivered on several financial, operational and strategic priorities,” the company said. (It also gave hefty raises to its chief financial officer, president of streaming, chief revenue and strategy officer, and international president.)

To compare, Robert A. Iger , Disney’s chief executive, received a pay package worth $31.6 million in 2023, a 31 percent decline from 2021. (In the interim, he retired and unretired .) Ted Sarandos , Netflix’s co-chief executive, received $49.8 million, on a par with a year earlier. Bob Bakish , chief executive of the troubled Paramount Global, was paid $31.3 million in 2023, down 2 percent.

Pay packages like these — when entertainment companies have been walloped by the shift to streaming from traditional television — played a major role in the union strikes . “They plead poverty, that they’re losing money left and right when giving hundreds of millions of dollars to their C.E.O.s,” Fran Drescher, the president of the actors’ union, said at July rally. “It is disgusting.”

Most of the big media companies slashed costs in 2023, laying off thousands of people and announcing plans to make fewer movies and television shows. But Mr. Zaslav and his lieutenants have been particularly aggressive, even shelving nearly finished content like “Batgirl” and “ Coyote vs. Acme .”

“We said no sacred cows,” Mr. Zaslav said at The New York Times’s DealBook Summit in November.

Brooks Barnes covers all things Hollywood. He joined The New York Times in 2007 and previously worked at The Wall Street Journal. More about Brooks Barnes

Amendment 11: Physical Oceanography not solicited in ROSES-2024

When it is offered, ROSES program element A.8 Physical Oceanography (PO) solicits proposals to better understand the ocean's role in the Earth system and its changing climate, such as ocean physics of a warming Earth and interpreting future climate projections with NASA data.

ROSES-24 Amendment 11 announces that A.8 Physical Oceanography is no longer solicited in ROSES-2024. We anticipate that it will be solicited again in ROSES-2026.

On or about April 23 , 2024, this Amendment to the NASA Research Announcement "Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences (ROSES) 2024" (NNH24ZDA001N) will be posted on the NASA research opportunity homepage at https://solicitation.nasaprs.com/ROSES2024 and will appear on SARA's ROSES blog at: https://science.nasa.gov/researchers/solicitations/roses-2024/

Questions concerning A.8 Physical Oceanography may be directed to Nadya Vinogradova Shiffer at [email protected] .

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NASA Shares Lessons of Human Systems Integration with Industry

As NASA opens access to space by working with private industry, the agency is sharing its knowledge to ensure future low Earth orbit destinations consider humans as part of the systems being developed. NASA’s experience from decades of developing and operating human spaceflight systems will help commercial companies enhance human system design, reduce lifecycle ownership […]

Hubble Celebrates 34th Anniversary with a Look at the Little Dumbbell Nebula

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What we know about unauthorized immigrants living in the U.S.

The unauthorized immigrant population in the United States reached 10.5 million in 2021, according to new Pew Research Center estimates. That was a modest increase over 2019 but nearly identical to 2017.

The number of unauthorized immigrants living in the U.S. in 2021 remained below its peak of 12.2 million in 2007. It was about the same size as in 2004 and lower than every year from 2005 to 2015.

The new estimates do not reflect changes that have occurred since apprehensions and expulsions of migrants along the U.S.-Mexico border started increasing in March 2021 . Migrant encounters at the border have since reached historic highs .

Pew Research Center undertook this research to understand ongoing changes in the size and characteristics of the unauthorized immigrant population in the United States. The Center has published estimates of the U.S. unauthorized immigrant population for more than two decades. The estimates presented in this research are the Center’s latest, adding new and updated annual estimates for 2017 through 2021.

Center estimates of the unauthorized immigrant population use a “residual method.” It is similar to methods used by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s Office of Immigration Statistics and nongovernmental organizations, including the Center for Migration Studies and the Migration Policy Institute . Those organizations’ estimates are generally consistent with ours. Our estimates also align with official U.S. data sources, including birth records, school enrollment figures and tax data, as well as Mexican censuses and surveys.

Our “residual” method for estimating the nation’s unauthorized immigrant population includes these steps:

• Estimate the total number of immigrants living in the country in a particular year using data from U.S. censuses and government surveys such as the American Community Survey and the Current Population Survey.
• Estimate the number of immigrants living in the U.S. legally using official counts of immigrant and refugee admissions together with other demographic data (for example, death and out-migration rates).
• Subtract our estimate of lawful immigrants from our estimate of the total immigrant population . This provides an initial estimate of the unauthorized immigrant population .

Our final estimate of the U.S. unauthorized immigrant population, as well as estimates for lawful immigrants, includes an upward adjustment. We do this because censuses and surveys tend to miss some people . Undercounts for immigrants, especially unauthorized immigrants, tend to be higher than for other groups. (Our 1990 estimate comes from work by Robert Warren and John Robert Warren; details can be found here .)

The term “unauthorized immigrant” reflects standard and customary usage by many academic researchers and policy analysts. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s Office of Immigration Statistics also generally uses it. The term means the same thing as undocumented immigrants, illegal immigrants and illegal aliens.

For more details on how we produced our estimates, read the Methodology section of our November 2018 report on unauthorized immigrants.

The unauthorized immigrant population includes any immigrants not in the following groups:

• Immigrants admitted for lawful residence (i.e., green card admissions)
• People admitted formally as refugees
• People granted asylum
• Former unauthorized immigrants granted legal residence under the 1985 Immigration Reform and Control Act
• Immigrants admitted under any of categories 1-4 who have become naturalized U.S. citizens
• Individuals admitted as lawful temporary residents under specific visa categories

Read the Methodology section of our November 2018 report on unauthorized immigrants for more details.

Pew Research Center’s estimate of unauthorized immigrants includes more than 2 million immigrants who have temporary permission to be in the United States. (Some also have permission to work in the country.) These immigrants account for about 20% of our national estimate of 10.5 million unauthorized immigrants for 2021.

Although these immigrants have permission to be in the country, they could be subject to deportation if government policy changes. Other organizations and the federal government also include these immigrants in their estimates of the U.S. unauthorized immigrant population.

Immigrants can receive temporary permission to be in the U.S. through the following ways:

Temporary Protected Status (TPS)

In 2021, there were about 500,000 unauthorized immigrants with Temporary Protected Status . This status provides protection from removal or deportation to individuals who cannot safely return to their country because of civil unrest, violence or natural disaster.

Deferred Enforced Departure (DED) is a similar program that grants protection from removal. The number of immigrants with DED is much smaller than the number with TPS.

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals is a program that offers protection from deportation to individuals who were brought to the U.S. as children before June 15, 2007. As of the end of 2021, there were slightly more than 600,000 DACA beneficiaries , largely immigrants from Mexico.

Asylum applicants

Individuals who have applied for asylum but are awaiting a ruling are not legal residents yet but cannot be deported. There are two types of asylum claims, defensive and affirmative .

Defensive asylum applications are generally filed by individuals facing deportation or removal from the U.S. These are processed by the Department of Justice’s Executive Office for Immigration Review. At the end of 2021, there were almost 600,000 applications pending.

Affirmative asylum claims are made by individuals already in the U.S. who are not in the process of being deported or removed. These claims are handled by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). At the end of 2021, more than 400,000 applications for affirmative asylum were pending, some covering more than one applicant.

Here are key findings about how the U.S. unauthorized immigrant population changed from 2017 to 2021:

• The most common country of birth for unauthorized immigrants is Mexico. However, the population of unauthorized immigrants from Mexico dropped by 900,000 from 2017 to 2021 , to 4.1 million.
• There were increases in unauthorized immigrants from nearly every other region of the world – Central America, the Caribbean, South America, Asia, Europe and sub-Saharan Africa.
• Among U.S. states, only Florida and Washington saw increases to their unauthorized immigrant populations , while California and Nevada saw decreases. In all other states, unauthorized immigrant populations were unchanged.
• 4.6% of U.S. workers in 2021 were unauthorized immigrants , virtually identical to the share in 2017.

Trends in the U.S. immigrant population

The U.S. foreign-born population was 14.1% of the nation’s population in 2021. That was very slightly higher than in the last five years but below the record high of 14.8% in 1890.

As of 2021, the nation’s 10.5 million unauthorized immigrants represented about 3% of the total U.S. population and 22% of the foreign-born population. These shares were among the lowest since the 1990s.

Between 2007 and 2021, the unauthorized immigrant population decreased by 1.75 million, or 14%.

Meanwhile, the lawful immigrant population grew by more than 8 million, a 29% increase, and the number of naturalized U.S. citizens grew by 49%. In 2021, naturalized citizens accounted for about half (49%) of all immigrants in the country.

Where unauthorized immigrants come from

Unauthorized immigrants living in the U.S. come from many parts of the world, with Mexico being the most common origin country.

The origin countries for unauthorized immigrants have changed since the population peaked in 2007, before the Great Recession slowed immigration. Here are some highlights of those changes:

The number of unauthorized immigrants from Mexico living in the U.S. (4.1 million in 2021) was the lowest since the 1990s. Mexico accounted for 39% of the nation’s unauthorized immigrants in 2021, by far the smallest share on record .

The decrease in unauthorized immigrants from Mexico reflects several factors:

• A broader decline in migration from Mexico to the U.S.
• Mexican immigrants to the U.S. continuing to return to Mexico
• Expanded opportunities for lawful immigration from Mexico and other countries, especially for temporary agricultural workers.

The rest of the world

The total number of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. from countries other than Mexico has grown rapidly. In 2021, this population was 6.4 million, up by 900,000 from 2017.

Almost every region in the world had a notable increase in the number of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. from 2007 to 2021. The largest increases were from Central America (240,000) and South and East Asia (180,000).

After Mexico, the countries of origin with the largest unauthorized immigrant populations in the U.S. in 2021 were:

• El Salvador (800,000)
• India (725,000)
• Guatemala (700,000)
• Honduras (525,000)

India, Guatemala and Honduras all saw increases from 2017.

The Northern Triangle

Three Central American countries – El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala – together represented 2.0 million unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. in 2021, or almost 20% of the total. The unauthorized immigrant population from the Northern Triangle grew by about 250,000 from 2017 and about 700,000 from 2007.

Other origin countries

Venezuela was the country of birth for 190,000 U.S. unauthorized immigrants in 2021. This population saw particularly fast growth, from 130,000 in 2017 and 55,000 in 2007.

Among countries with the largest numbers of U.S. unauthorized immigrants, India, Brazil, Canada and former Soviet Union countries all experienced growth from 2017 to 2021.

Some origin countries with significant unauthorized immigrant populations showed no change, notably China (375,000) and the Dominican Republic (230,000).

Detailed table: Unauthorized immigrant population by region and selected country of birth (and margins of error), 1990-2021 (Excel)

U.S. states of residence of unauthorized immigrants

The unauthorized immigrant population in most U.S. states stayed steady from 2017 to 2021. However, four states saw significant changes:

• Florida (+80,000)
• Washington (+60,000)
• California (-150,000)
• Nevada (-25,000)

States with the most unauthorized immigrants

The six states with the largest unauthorized immigrant populations in 2021 were:

• California (1.9 million)
• Texas (1.6 million)
• Florida (900,000)
• New York (600,000)
• New Jersey (450,000)
• Illinois (400,000)

These states have consistently had the most unauthorized immigrants since 1990 and earlier .

At the same time, the unauthorized immigrant population has become less geographically concentrated. In 2021, these six states were home to 56% of the nation’s unauthorized immigrants, down from 80% in 1990.

Detailed table: Unauthorized immigrant population for states (and margins of error), 1990-2021 (Excel)

Detailed table: Unauthorized immigrants and characteristics for states, 2021 (Excel)

Unauthorized immigrants in the labor force

The share of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. workforce was slightly less than 5% in 2021, compared with 3% of the total U.S. population.

Demographics help explain the difference: The unauthorized immigrant population includes relatively few children or elderly adults, groups that tend not to be in the labor force.

Overall, about 7.8 million unauthorized immigrants were in the U.S. labor force in 2021. That was up slightly from 2019 but smaller than every year from 2007 through 2015.

Detailed table: Unauthorized immigrants in the labor force for states, 2021 (Excel)

Here are some additional findings about unauthorized immigrants as a share of the workforce nationwide and in certain states:

• Since 2003, unauthorized immigrants have made up 4.4% to 5.4% of all U.S. workers, a relatively narrow range.
• Fewer than 1% of workers in Maine, Montana, Vermont and West Virginia in 2021 were unauthorized immigrants.
• Nevada (9%) and Texas (8%) had the highest shares of unauthorized immigrants in the workforce.
• Immigrant Populations
• Immigration Issues
• Unauthorized Immigration

Jeffrey S. Passel is a senior demographer at Pew Research Center

Jens Manuel Krogstad is a senior writer and editor at Pew Research Center

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