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Travel & Tourism's employment by age group

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Travel & Tourism supports employment through three channels: -Direct employment captures those people employed by the sector itself -Indirect employment represents people employed within the sector’s supply chains -Induced employment is the jobs supported as a result of the consumer spending financed by wages paid to those directly and indirectly employed by the sector. 'High-wage' describes sectors where the estimated average wage is above 65th percentile of country incomes

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5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

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Female employment supported by Travel and Tourism

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6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

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Travel and Tourism change in water use intensity (m 3 per thousand USD) since 2010

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7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all

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Renewable share of energy consumption by Travel and Tourism

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Travel and Tourism energy consumption per unit GDP (MJ per USD of GDP)

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8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all

8.2 achieve higher economic productivity.

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8.4 Improve resource efficiency

Material footprint of Travel and Tourism, per unit GDP (tonnes per $m)

National material footprint per unit GDP (tonnes per $m)

8.5 Achieve decent work for all

Share of Travel and Tourism jobs in high-wage sectors

National average share of jobs in high-wage sectors

8.6 Reduce youth unemployment

Total youth employment (15-24) supported by Travel and Tourism

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8.9 Promote sustainable tourism

Tourism direct GDP as a proportion of total GDP

Real growth in direct tourism GDP since 2010

9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation and foster innovation

9.2 inclusive and sustainable industrialisation.

Manufacturing GDP supported by Travel and Tourism ($m)

Share of manufacturing GDP supported by Travel and Tourism

9.4 Increase resource-use efficiency

Travel and Tourism GHG emissions per unit GDP (Kg of CO2e per $)

% change since 2010

9.B Technological development and industrial diversification

Medium and high-tech industry GDP supported by Travel and Tourism

10. Reduce inequality within and among countries GDP is economic surplus that is split between company owners in the form of profits, and workers (labour) in the form of wages. A higher labour share of GDP can indicate that gains from economic growth are shared more broadly, i.e. distributed among households rather than concentrated among (relatively fewer) owners of capital. ">

10.2 promote social, economic and political inclusion.

Travel and Tourism % share of all female employment

10.4 Achieve greater equality

Labour share of GDP in Travel and Tourism

Labour share of national GDP

12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

12.2 sustainable management of natural resources, xxxx - absolute, xxxx - change, change in travel & tourism greenhouse gas emissions, comparison of country 1 and country 2.

Direct describes the energy consumption by Travel & Tourism.

'Travel & Tourism supports employment through three channels: -Direct employment captures those people employed by the sector itself -Indirect employment represents people employed within the sector’s supply chains -Induced employment is the jobs supported as a result of the consumer spending financed by wages paid to those directly and indirectly employed by the sector. High-wage' describes sectors where the estimated average wage is above 65th percentile of country incomes

Travel and Tourism change in water use efficiency (m 3 per thousand USD) since 2010

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• Published: 07 May 2018

The carbon footprint of global tourism

• Manfred Lenzen   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0828-5288 1 ,
• Ya-Yen Sun 2 , 3 ,
• Futu Faturay   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5636-1794 1 , 4 ,
• Yuan-Peng Ting 2 ,
• Arne Geschke   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9193-5829 1 &
• Arunima Malik   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4630-9869 1 , 5  

Nature Climate Change volume  8 ,  pages 522–528 ( 2018 ) Cite this article

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An Author Correction to this article was published on 23 May 2018

This article has been updated

Tourism contributes significantly to global gross domestic product, and is forecast to grow at an annual 4%, thus outpacing many other economic sectors. However, global carbon emissions related to tourism are currently not well quantified. Here, we quantify tourism-related global carbon flows between 160 countries, and their carbon footprints under origin and destination accounting perspectives. We find that, between 2009 and 2013, tourism’s global carbon footprint has increased from 3.9 to 4.5 GtCO 2 e, four times more than previously estimated, accounting for about 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Transport, shopping and food are significant contributors. The majority of this footprint is exerted by and in high-income countries. The rapid increase in tourism demand is effectively outstripping the decarbonization of tourism-related technology. We project that, due to its high carbon intensity and continuing growth, tourism will constitute a growing part of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions.

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Change history, 23 may 2018.

In the version of this Article originally published, in the penultimate paragraph of the section “Gas species and supply chains”, in the sentence “In this assessment, the contribution of air travel emissions amounts to 20% (0.9 GtCO2e) of tourism’s global carbon footprint...” the values should have read “12% (0.55 GtCO2e)”; this error has now been corrected, and Supplementary Table 9 has been amended to clarify this change.

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the Australian Research Council through its Discovery Projects DP0985522 and DP130101293, the National eResearch Collaboration Tools and Resources project (NeCTAR) through its Industrial Ecology Virtual Laboratory, and the Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology (no. 105-2410-H-006-055-MY3). The authors thank S. Juraszek for expertly managing the Global IELab’s advanced computation requirements, and C. Jarabak for help with collecting data.

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ISA, School of Physics A28, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Manfred Lenzen, Futu Faturay, Arne Geschke & Arunima Malik

Department of Transportation & Communication Management Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan, Republic of China

Ya-Yen Sun & Yuan-Peng Ting

UQ Business School, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Fiscal Policy Agency, Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

Futu Faturay

Sydney Business School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Arunima Malik

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Contributions

Y.-Y.S. and M.L. conceived and designed the experiments. M.L., Y.-Y.S., F.F., Y.-P.T., A.G. and A.M. performed the experiments. F.F., Y.-P.T., M.L. and Y.-Y.S. analysed the data. Y.-P.T., A.G., Y.-Y.S. and M.L. contributed materials/analysis tools. M.L., Y.-Y.S. and A.M. wrote the paper.

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Correspondence to Arunima Malik .

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Supplementary Methods, Supplementary Notes, Supplementary Data, Supplementary Results, Supplementary Figures 1–13, Supplementary Tables 1–14, Supplementary Discussion and Supplementary References

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Lenzen, M., Sun, YY., Faturay, F. et al. The carbon footprint of global tourism. Nature Clim Change 8 , 522–528 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0141-x

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Received : 05 December 2017

Accepted : 20 March 2018

Published : 07 May 2018

Issue Date : June 2018

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0141-x

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Tourism is responsible for a staggering 8% of global greenhouse emissions

Tourism, including flights, hotels, food and even the production of souvenirs, emitted 4.5 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2013 Image:  REUTERS/Jon Nazca

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Stay up to date:, future of the environment.

Tourism is responsible for a twelfth of world greenhouse gas emissions, and a vacation boom is complicating a global drive to slow climate change, scientists said on Monday.

Emissions from tourism, mostly by domestic travelers, were highest in the United States, China, Germany and India, according to a review of 160 nations led by the University of Sydney and published in the journal Nature Climate Change.

Tourism, including flights, hotels, food and even the production of souvenirs, emitted the equivalent of 4.5 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2013, the most recent data available, or 8 percent of all man-made greenhouse gases, up from 3.9 billion in 2009, it said.

That was far above many previous estimates, using narrower definitions, that tourism accounts for just 2.5 to 3.0 percent of world emissions, it said.

And on current trends, the trillion-dollar tourism industry will emit 6.5 billion tonnes of carbon emissions by 2025, the review said, making it one of the fastest-growing source of the planet-warming gases that governments are trying to cut.

Flights were the biggest single contributor, according to the study by scientists in Australia, Taiwan and Indonesia.

“We recommend flying less and staying Earth-bound where possible, e.g. use public transport,” co-author Arunima Malik of the University of Sydney told Reuters in an email.

Lead author Manfred Lenzen said plane tickets would have to be far more expensive to reflect the harm caused by greenhouse gas emissions from burning jet fuel.

“If I flew from Melbourne to the UK return, I would pay at least an additional A$205 ($150) to offset my emissions; for a return trip between Sydney and Brisbane, about A$18 extra,” he wrote in a news release.

Almost 200 nations are meeting in Bonn this week to write a “rule book” for the 2015 Paris Agreement, which seeks to slash greenhouse gas emissions to avert more heat waves, downpours, droughts and extinctions.

Patricia Espinosa, head of the U.N. Climate Change Secretariat hosting the talks, said the tourism industry itself was making “good progress” to clean up.

“A lot of what the industry is selling depends on the preservation and conservation and the protection of the environment,” she told a news conference.

The study added up all emissions from tourism but did not try to compare how a holiday compared with staying at home, where people also emit greenhouse gases, through everything from heating to commuting.

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